Performance monitoring and the medial prefrontal cortex: a review of individual differences and context effects as a window on self-regulation

Stefon J R van Noordt, Sidney J Segalowitz, Stefon J R van Noordt, Sidney J Segalowitz

Abstract

The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is central to self-regulation and has been implicated in generating a cluster of event-related potential components, collectively referred to as medial frontal negativities (MFNs). These MFNs are elicited while individuals monitor behavioral and environmental consequences, and include the error-related negativity, Nogo N2, and the feedback-related negativity. A growing cognitive and affective neuroscience literature indicates that the activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and surrounding medial prefrontal regions during performance monitoring is not only influenced by task context, but that these patterns of activity also vary as a function of individual differences (e.g., personality, temperament, clinical and non-clinical symptomatology, socio-political orientation, and genetic polymorphisms), as well as interactions between individual differences and task context. In this review we survey the neuroscience literature on the relations between performance monitoring, personality, task context, and brain functioning with a focus on the MPFC. We relate these issues to the role of affect in the paradigms used to elicit performance-monitoring neural responses and highlight some of the theoretical and clinical implications of this research. We conclude with a discussion of the complexity of these issues and how some of the basic assumptions required for their interpretation may be clarified with future research.

Keywords: ERN; FRN; Nogo N2; anterior cingulate; individual differences; medial prefrontal cortex; performance monitoring; self-regulation.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Number of annual publications listed in Google Scholar for key-terms “error-related negativity + personality.” (B) Number of annual publications listed in Google Scholar for key-terms “feedback-related negativity + personality.”
Figure 2
Figure 2
Broad division between the dorsal (red) and ventral (yellow) medial prefrontal cortices.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Examples of waveforms and topographic voltage maps illustrating similarities between the ERN, Nogo N2 (N2), and feedback-related negativity (FRN). The FRN waveform is the difference between losing and winning trials in a gambling task (see text). The dashed line at 0 ms represents the onset of the time-locked event, and the shaded area highlights the peak negativity.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The relation between FRN amplitude and surgency, a composite of BAS, sensation seeking (SSS-V), and positive affect (PANAS) in the “alone” condition. Data from Segalowitz et al. (2012).

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