Baby's first bites: a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of vegetable-exposure and sensitive feeding on vegetable acceptance, eating behavior and weight gain in infants and toddlers

S M C van der Veek, C de Graaf, J H M de Vries, G Jager, C M J L Vereijken, H Weenen, N van Winden, M S van Vliet, J M Schultink, V W T de Wild, S Janssen, J Mesman, S M C van der Veek, C de Graaf, J H M de Vries, G Jager, C M J L Vereijken, H Weenen, N van Winden, M S van Vliet, J M Schultink, V W T de Wild, S Janssen, J Mesman

Abstract

Background: The start of complementary feeding in infancy plays an essential role in promoting healthy eating habits. Evidence shows that it is important what infants are offered during this first introduction of solid foods: e.g. starting exclusively with vegetables is more successful for vegetable acceptance than starting with fruits. How infants are introduced to solid foods also matters: if parents are sensitive and responsive to infant cues during feeding, this may promote self-regulation of energy intake and a healthy weight. However, the effectiveness of the what and the how of complementary feeding has never been experimentally tested in the same study. In the current project the what and how (and their combination) are tested in one study to determine their relative importance for fostering vegetable acceptance and self-regulation of energy intake in infants.

Methods: A four-arm randomized controlled trial (Baby's First Bites (BFB)) was designed for 240 first-time Dutch mothers and their infants, 60 per arm. In this trial, we compare the effectiveness of (a) a vegetable-exposure intervention focusing on the what in complementary feeding; (b) a sensitive feeding intervention focusing on the how in complementary feeding, (c) a combined intervention focusing on the what and how in complementary feeding; (d) an attention-control group. All mothers participate in five sessions spread over the first year of eating solid foods (child age 4-16 months). Primary outcomes are vegetable consumption, vegetable liking and self-regulation of energy intake. Secondary outcomes are child eating behaviors, child anthropometrics and maternal feeding behavior. Outcomes are assessed before, during and directly after the interventions (child age 18 months), and when children are 24 and 36 months old.

Discussion: The outcomes are expected to assess the impact of the interventions and provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of vegetable acceptance, self-regulation and healthy eating patterns in infants and toddlers, as well as the prevention of overweight. The results may be used to improve current dietary advice given to parents of their young children on complementary feeding.

Trial registration: The trial was retrospectively registered during inclusion of participants at the Netherlands National Trial Register (identifier NTR6572 ) and at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT03348176 ). Protocol issue date: 1 April 2018; version number 1.

Keywords: Complementary feeding; Infant; Responsive feeding; Self-regulation of energy intake; Toddler; Vegetable exposure; Vegetables.

Conflict of interest statement

Danone Nutricia Research and Nutricia Early Life Nutrition has provided additional funding for Baby’s First Bites (see Funding).

C. Vereijken (CV) and H. Weenen (HW) are employees of Danone Nutricia Research, N. van Winden (NW) is employee of Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, The authors declare that they have no other competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
General overview of study design
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flowchart of the inclusion phase

References

    1. WHO. Healthy diet2015 07-20-2017. Available from: .
    1. Ocké MC, van Rossum CTM, Fransen HP, Buurma EJM, de Boer EJ, Brants HAM, et al. Dutch national food consumption survey - young children 2005/2006. 2008.
    1. Goldbohm RA, Rubingh CM, Lanting CI, Joosten KFM. Food consumption and nutrient intake by children aged 10 to 48 months attending day Care in the Netherlands. Nutrients. 2016;8(7):13. doi: 10.3390/nu8070428.
    1. Emmett PM, Jones LR. Diet, growth, and obesity development throughout childhood in the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. Nutr Rev. 2015;73:175–206. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv054.
    1. Fox MK, Pac S, Devaney B, Jankowski L. Feeding infants and toddlers study: what foods are infants and toddlers eating? J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(1):S22–S30. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2003.10.026.
    1. Denney LA, Afeiche MC, Eldridge AL, Villalpando-Carrión S. Food sources of energy and nutrients in infants, toddlers, and young children from the Mexican national health and nutrition survey 2012. Nutrients. 2017;9:1–27. doi: 10.3390/nu9050494.
    1. Fogel A, Mccrickerd K, Fries LR, Goh AT, Quah PL, Chang MJ, et al. Eating in the absence of hunger: stability over time and associations with eating behaviours and body composition in children. Physiol Behav. 2018;192:82–89. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.03.033.
    1. Hesketh K, Wake M, Waters E, Carlin J, Crawford D. Stability of body mass index in Australian children: a prospective cohort study across the middle childhood years. Public Health Nutr. 2003;7(2):303–309. doi: 10.1079/PHN2003537.
    1. Katzmarzyk PT, Pérusse L, Malina RM, Bouchard C. Seven-year stability of indicators of obesity and adipose tissue distribution in the Canadian population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:1123–1129. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1123.
    1. Camfferman R, Jansen P, Rippe R, Mesman J, Derkx IP, Tiemeier H, et al. The association between overweight and internalizing and externalizing behavior in early childhood. Soc Sci Med. 2016;168:35–42. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.001.
    1. Rotteveel J, Felius A, Van Weissenburch MM. Delemarre-Van de Waal HA. Insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in obese children referred to an obesity center. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2010;23(9):943–951. doi: 10.1515/jpem.2010.151.
    1. Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane WV, Banyas B, Allen K, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(11):802–810. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa012578.
    1. Ajala O, Mold F, Boughton C, Cooke D, Whyte M. Childhood predictors of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Obes Rev: A systematic review and meta-analysis; 2017.
    1. Maynard M, Gunnell D, Emmett PM, Frankel S, Davey SG. Fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants in childhood and risk of adult cancer: the Boyd Orr cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:218–225. doi: 10.1136/jech.57.3.218.
    1. Cashdan E. A sensitive period for learning about food. Human Nutrition. 1994;5(3):279–291.
    1. Skinner JD, Carruth BR, Bounds W, Ziegler P, Reidy K. Do food-related experiences in the first 2 years of life predict dietary variety in school-aged children? J Nutr Educ Behav. 2002;34(6):310–315. doi: 10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60113-9.
    1. Nicklaus S, Boggio V, Chabanet C, Issancou S. A prospective study of food variety seeking in childhood, adolescence and early adult life. Appetite. 2005;44(3):289–297. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2005.01.006.
    1. Mallan KM, Fildes A, Magarey AM, Daniels LA. The relationship between number of fruits, vegetables, and noncore foods tried at age 14 months and food preferences, dietary intake patterns, fussy eating behavior, and weight status at age 3.7 years. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(4):630–637. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.06.006.
    1. Birch LL, Davison KK. Family environmental factors influencing the developing behavioral controls of food intake and childhood overweight. Childhood and Adolescent Obesity. 2001;48(4):893–907.
    1. Fox MK, Devaney B, Reidy K, Razafindrakoto C, Ziegler P. Relationship between portion size and energy intake among infants and toddlers: evidence of self-regulation. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(1):s77–s83. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2005.09.039.
    1. Voedingscentrum. Alles over de eerste hapjes voor je baby 2017 [Available from: .]
    1. Chambers L. Complementary feeding: vegetables first, frequently and in variety. Nutr Bull. 2016;41:142–146. doi: 10.1111/nbu.12202.
    1. Gerrish CJ, Mennella JA. Flavor variety enhances food acceptance in formula-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(6):1080–1085. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/73.6.1080.
    1. Chambers L, Hetherington M, Cooke L, Coulthard H, Fewtrell MS, Lowdon J, et al. Reaching consensus on a 'vegetables first' approach to complementary feeding. Nutr Bull. 2016;41:270–276. doi: 10.1111/nbu.12220.
    1. Maier AS, Chabanet C, Schaal B, Issanchou S, Leathwood P. Effects of repeated exposure on acceptance of initially disliked vegetables in 7-month old infants. Food Qual Prefer. 2007;18(8):1023–1032. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2007.04.005.
    1. Barends C, De Vries JHM, Mojet J, De Graaf C. Effects of repeated exposure to either vegetables or fruits on infant's vegetable and fruit acceptance at the beginning of weaning. Food Qual Prefer. 2013;29:157–165. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.03.008.
    1. Barends C, De Vries JHM, Mojet J, De Graaf C. Effects of starting weaning exclusively with vegetables on vegetable intake at the age of 12 and 23 months. Appetite. 2014;81:193–199. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.023.
    1. Remy E, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Nicklaus S. Repeated exposure of infants at complementary feeding to a vegetable puree increases acceptance as effectively as flavor-flavor learning and more effectively than flavor-nutrient learning. J Nutr. 2013;143(7):1194–1200. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.175646.
    1. Coulthard H, Harris G, Fogel A. Exposure to vegetable variety in infants weaned at different ages. Appetite. 2014;78:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.03.021.
    1. Hetherington MM, Schwartz C, Madrelle J. A step-by-step introduction to vegetables at the beginning of complimentary feeding. The effects of early and repeated exposure. Appetite. 2015;84:280–290. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.014.
    1. Birch LL, Gunder L, Grimm-Thomas K. Laing DG. Infants' consumption of a new food enhances acceptance of similar foods Appetite. 1998;30(3):283–295.
    1. Mennella JA, Daniels LM, Reiter AR. Learning to like vegetables during breastfeeding: a randomized clinical trial of lactating mothers and infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106:67–76. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.143982.
    1. Nehring I, Kostka T, Von Kries R, Rehruess EA. Impacts of in utero and early infant taste experiences on later taste acceptance: a systematic review. J Nutr. 2015;145:1271–1279. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.203976.
    1. Lange C, Visalli M, Jacob S, Chabanet P, Schlich S, Nicklaus S. Maternal feeding practices during the first year and their impact on infants' acceptance of complementary food. Food Qual Prefer. 2013;29:89–98. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.03.005.
    1. Maier AS, Chabanet C, Schaal B, Leathwood PD, Issanchou SN. Breastfeeding and experience with variety early in weaning increase infants' acceptance of new foods for up to two months. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:849–857. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.08.002.
    1. Fildes A, Lopes C, Moreira P, Moschonis G, Oliveira A, Mavrogianni C, et al. An exploratory trial of parental advice for increasing vegetable acceptance in infancy. Br J Nutr. 2015;114:328–336. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515001695.
    1. Maier-Nöth Andrea, Schaal Benoist, Leathwood Peter, Issanchou Sylvie. The Lasting Influences of Early Food-Related Variety Experience: A Longitudinal Study of Vegetable Acceptance from 5 Months to 6 Years in Two Populations. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(3):e0151356. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151356.
    1. Dovey TM, Staples PA, Gibson EL, Halford JC. Food neophobia and 'picky/fussy' eating in children: a review. Appetite. 2008;50:181–193. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.009.
    1. Carruth BR, Ziegler PJ, Gordon A, Barr SI. Prevalence of picky eaters among infants and toddlers and their caregivers' decisions about offering a new food. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:s57–s64. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2003.10.024.
    1. Birch Leann L, Doub Allison E. Learning to eat: birth to age 2 y. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014;99(3):723S–728S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.069047.
    1. Mura Paroche M, Caton SJ, Vereijken CMJL, Weenen H, Houston-Price C. How infants and young children learn about food: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2017;25(8):1046. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01046.
    1. Birch LL, McPhee L, Shoba B, Steinberg L, Krehbiel R. "clean up your plate": effects of child feeding practices on the conditioning of meal size. Learn Motiv. 1987;18:301–317. doi: 10.1016/0023-9690(87)90017-8.
    1. Galloway AT, Fiorito LM, Francis LA, Birch LL. "finish your soup": counterproductive effects of pressuring children to eat on intake and affect. Appetite. 2006;46:318–323. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2006.01.019.
    1. Blissett Jackie, Bennett Carmel, Fogel Anna, Harris Gillian, Higgs Suzanne. Parental modelling and prompting effects on acceptance of a novel fruit in 2–4-year-old children are dependent on children’s food responsiveness. British Journal of Nutrition. 2015;115(3):554–564. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515004651.
    1. Chan L, Magarey AM, Daniels LA. Maternal feeding practices and feeding behaviors of Australian children aged 12-36 months. Matern Child Health J. 2011;15(8):1363–1371. doi: 10.1007/s10995-010-0686-4.
    1. Reau NR, Senturia YD, Lebailly SA, Christoffel KK. Infant and toddler feeding patterns and problems. Normative data and a new direction. Journal of Developmental & Behavioural Pediatrics. 1996;17:149–153. doi: 10.1097/00004703-199606000-00002.
    1. Mitchell GL, Farrow C, Haycraft E, Meyer C. Parental influences on children's eating behaviour and characteristics of successful parent-focussed interventions. Appetite. 2013;60:85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.014.
    1. Mennella Julie A, Reiter Ashley R, Daniels Loran M. Vegetable and Fruit Acceptance during Infancy: Impact of Ontogeny, Genetics, and Early Experiences. Advances in Nutrition. 2016;7(1):211S–219S. doi: 10.3945/an.115.008649.
    1. Pérez-Escamilla R, Segura-Perez S, Lott M. Feeding guidelines for infants and young toddlers: a responsive parenting approach. Healthy Eating Research: Durham, NC; 2017.
    1. DiSantis KI, Hodges EA, Johnson SL, Fisher JO. The role of responsive feeding in overweight during infancy and toddlerhood: a systematic review. Int J Obes. 2011;35:480–492. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.3.
    1. Nicklaus S. The role of food experiences during early childhood in food pleasure learning. Appetite. 2016;104:3–9. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.022.
    1. Schwartz C, Scholtens PAMJ, Lalanne A, Weenen H, Nicklaus S. Development of healthy eating habits early in life. Review of recent evidence and selected guidelines. Appetite. 2011;57:796–807. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.316.
    1. Savage JS, Birch LL, Marini M, Anzman-Frasca S, Paul IM. Effect of the INSIGHT responsive parenting intervention on rapid infant weight gain and overweight status at age 1 year: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(8):742–749. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0445.
    1. Paul IM, Savage JS, Anzman SL, Beiler JS, Marini ME, Stokes JL, et al. Preventing obesity during infancy: a pilot study. Obesity. 2011;19(2):353–361. doi: 10.1038/oby.2010.182.
    1. Mesman J, Stolk MN, Van Zeijl J, Alink LRA, Juffer F, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, et al. Extending the video-feedback intervention to sensitive discipline. The early prevention of antisocial behavior. In: Juffer F, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IJzendoorn MH, editors. Promoting Positive Parenting An Attachment-Based Intervention. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2008. p. 171–192.
    1. Feldman R, Klein PS. Toddlers' self-regulated compliance to mothers, caregivers, and fathers: implications for theories of socialization. Dev Psychol. 2003;39(4):680–692. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.4.680.
    1. Daniels LA, Magarey AM, Battistutta D, Nicholson JM, Farrell A, Davidson G, et al. The NOURISH randomised controlled trial: positive feeding practices and food preferences in early childhood - a primary prevention program for childhood obesity. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:387–397. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-387.
    1. Harvey-Berino J, Rourke J. Obesity prevention in preschool native-American children: a pilot study using home visiting. Obes Res. 2003;11(5):606–611. doi: 10.1038/oby.2003.87.
    1. Horodynski MAO, Hoerr S, Coleman G. Nutrition education aimed at toddlers. A pilot program for rural, low-income families. Family Community and Health. 2004;27(2):103–113. doi: 10.1097/00003727-200404000-00003.
    1. Aboud FE, Moore AC, Akhter S. Effectiveness of a community-based responsive feeding programme in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomized field trial. Matern Child Nutr. 2008;4:275–286. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2008.00146.x.
    1. Willis TA, Roberts KPJ, Berry TM, Bryant M, Rudolf MCJ. The impact of HENRY on parenting and family lifestyle: a national service evaluation of a preschool obesity prevention programme. Public Health. 2016;136:101–108. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.04.006.
    1. Fangupo LJ, Heath ALM, Williams CM, Somerville AD, Lawrence JA, Gray AR, et al. Impact of an early-life intervention on the nutrition behaviors of 2-y-old children: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102:704–712. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.111823.
    1. Hawes DJ, Dadds MR. Assessing parenting practices through parent-report and direct observation during parent-training. J Child Fam Stud. 2006;15:554–567. doi: 10.1007/s10826-006-9029-x.
    1. Sacco LM, Bentley ME, Carby-Shields K, Borja JB, Goldman BD. Assessment of infant feeding styles among low-income African-American mothers. Comparing reported and observed behavior. Appetite. 2007;49:131–140. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.01.004.
    1. Lewis M, Worobey J. Mothers and toddlers lunch together. The relation between observed and reported behavior. Appetite. 2011;56(3):732–736. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.02.011.
    1. Camfferman R. Happy healthy homes. The role of parenting in early childhood overweight (doctoral dissertation) Mostert & Van Onderen: Leiden; 2017.
    1. Price MN, Hyde JS. Perceived and observed maternal relationship quality predict sexual debut by age 15. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2011;40:1595–1606. doi: 10.1007/s10964-011-9641-y.
    1. Saavedra JM, Deming D, Dattilo A, Reidy K. Lessons from the feeding infants and toddlers study in North America: what children eat, and implications for obesity prevention. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;62:27–36. doi: 10.1159/000351538.
    1. Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Bellera C, Gregoire F, Yang-Ting L, Malfilatre A. Deployment of a centralized randomization service by internet in the trans European network Alea for clinical trials services (TenAlea) project. Bull Cancer. 2008;95:s73–ss4.
    1. Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Amin EE, Bouman AC, Meijer K, Tick LW, Middeldorp S, et al. Individualised versus standard duration of elastic compression therapy for prevention of post-thrombotic sydnrome (IDEAL DVT): a multicentre, randomised, single-blind, allocation-concealed, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet Haematology. 2018;5:e25–e33. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30227-2.
    1. Van der Veek SMC, Derkx HHF, Benninga MA, Boer F, De Haan E. Cognitive behavior therapy for pediatric functional abdominal pain: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2013;132(5):e1163–e1e72. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-0242.
    1. Juffer F, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IJzendoorn MH. Promoting positive parenting. An attachment-based intervention. Bornstein MH, editor. New York: Psychology Press; 2008.
    1. Lovejoy MC, Graczyk PA, O'Hare E, Neuman G. Maternal depression and parenting behavior: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000;20(5):561–592. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7.
    1. Boak R, Virgo-Milton M, Hoare A, de Silva A, Gibbs L, Gold L, et al. Choosing foods for infants: a qualitative study of the factors that influence mothers. Child Care Health Dev. 2016;42(3):359–369. doi: 10.1111/cch.12323.
    1. McPhie S, Skouteris H, Daniels L, Jansen E. Maternal correlates of maternal child feeding practices: a systematic review. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2014;10:18–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00452.x.
    1. Nicklaus Sophie. Complementary Feeding Strategies to Facilitate Acceptance of Fruits and Vegetables: A Narrative Review of the Literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016;13(11):1160. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13111160.
    1. Dovey TM, Staples PA, Gibson EL, Halford JCG. Food neophobia and 'picky/fussy' eating in children: a review. Appetite. 2008;50(2–3):181–193. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.009.
    1. Kok G, Schaalma H, Ruiter RA, Van Empelen P, Brug J. Intervention mapping: protocol for applying healthy psychology theory to prevention programmes. J Health Psychol. 2004;9(1):85–98. doi: 10.1177/1359105304038379.
    1. Bartholomew Eldregde LKB, Markham CM, Ruiter RA, Kok G, Parcel GS. Planning helath promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.
    1. Kok G, Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Gottlieb NH, Fernandez ME. Finding theory and evidence-based alternatives to fear appeals: intervention mapping. Int J Psychol. 2014;49(2):98–107. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12001.
    1. Holley CE, Farrow C, Haycraft E. A systematic review of methods for increasing vegetable consumption in early childhood. Current nutrition reports. 2017;6(2):157–170. doi: 10.1007/s13668-017-0202-1.
    1. Rollnick S, Miller WR, Butler CC. Motivational interviewing in health care: helping patients change behavior. New York: Guilford Publications; 2008.
    1. Prochaska JO, DiClemente C, Norcross J. In search of how people change: application to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol. 1992;47:1102–1114. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.47.9.1102.
    1. Juffer F, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IJzendoorn MH. Pairing attachment theory and social learning theory in video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017;15:189–194. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.012.
    1. Conway JM, Ingwersen LA, Vinyard BT, Moshfegh AJ. Effectiveness of the US Department of Agriculture 5-step multiple-pass method in assessing food intake in obese and nonobese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:1171–1178. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1171.
    1. Meijboom S, Van Houts-Streppel MT, Perenboom C, Siebelink E, Van de Wiel AM, Geelen A, et al. Evaluation of dietary intake assessed by the Dutch self-adminstered web-based dietary 24-h recall tool (Compl-eattm) against interviewer-administered telephone-based 24-h recalls. Journal of Nutritional Science. 2017;19(6):e49. doi: 10.1017/jns.2017.45.
    1. Llewellyn CH, Van Jaarsveld CHM, Johnson L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Development and factor structure of the baby eating behaviour questionnaire in the Gemini birth cohort. Appetite. 2011;57(2):388–396. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.324.
    1. Herle M, Fildes A, Van Jaarsveld CHM, Rijsdijk F, Llewellyn CH. Parental reports of infant and child eating behaviors are not affected by their beliefs about their twins' zygosity. Behavioral Genetics. 2016;46:763–771. doi: 10.1007/s10519-016-9798-y.
    1. Remy E, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Boggio V, Nicklaus S. Impact of adiposity, age, sex and maternal feeding practices on eating in the absence of hunger and caloric compensation in preschool children. Int J Obes. 2015;39(6):925–930. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.30.
    1. Lansigan RK, Emond JA, Gilbert-Diamond D. Understanding eating in the absence of hunger among young children: a systematic review of existing studies. Appetite. 2015;85:36–47. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.032.
    1. Fisher JO, Birch LL. Eating in the absence of hunger and overweight in girls from 5 to 7 years of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):226–231. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.1.226.
    1. Fisher JO, Birch LL. Restricting access to foods and children's eating. Appetite. 1999;32(3):405–419. doi: 10.1006/appe.1999.0231.
    1. Wardle Jane, Guthrie Carol Ann, Sanderson Saskia, Rapoport Lorna. Development of the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2001;42(7):963–970. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00792.
    1. Sleddens Ester FC, Kremers Stef PJ, Thijs Carel. The Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire: factorial validity and association with Body Mass Index in Dutch children aged 6-7. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2008;5(1):49. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-5-49.
    1. Ainsworth MDS, Bell SM, Stayton DJ. Infant-mother attachment and social development: socialization as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In: Richards MPM, editor. The integration of a child into a social world. London: Cambridge University Press; 1974. pp. 9–135.
    1. Hodges EA, Johnson SO, Hopkinson JM, Butte NF, Fisher JO. Development of the responsiveness to child feeding cues scale. Appetite. 2013;65:210–219. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.02.010.
    1. Thompson AL, Mendez MA, Borja JB, Adair LS, Zimmer CR, Bentley ME. Development and validation of the infant feeding style questionnaire. Appetite. 2009;53:210–221. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.06.010.
    1. Musher-Eizenman D, Holub S. Comprehensive feeding practices questionnaire: validation of a new measure of parental feeding practices. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32(8):960–972. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsm037.
    1. Gubbels JS, Sleddens EFC, Raaijmakers LCH, Gies JM, Kremers SPJ. The child-care food and activity practices questionnaire (CFAPQ): development and first validation steps. Public Health Nutr. 2015;19(11):1964–1975. doi: 10.1017/S1368980015003444.
    1. Jansen E, Mallan KM, Nicholson JM, Daniels LA. The feeding practices and structure questionnaire: construction and initial validation in a sample of Australian first-time mothers and their 2-year olds. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11(72):1–13.
    1. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurements. 1977;1:385–401. doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306.
    1. Siebelink E, Geelen A, De Vries JH. Self-reported energy intake by FFQ compared with actual energy intake to maintain body weight in 516 adults. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(2):274–281. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511000067.
    1. Dolan EA. Exploring infant feeding practices: maternal self-efficacy as a predictor of controlling feeding (doctoral dissertation) Ann Arbor: ProQuest LLC; 2013.
    1. Anderson SE, Must A, Curtin C, Bandini LG. Meals in our household: reliability and initial validation of a questionnaire to assess child mealtime behaviors and family mealtime environments. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(2):276–284. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.035.
    1. Gottschalk LA, Gleser GC. The measurement of psychological states through the content analysis of verbal behavior. Berkely: University of California Press; 1969.
    1. Putnam SP, Helbig AL, Gartstein MA, Rothbart MK, Leerkes E. Development and assessment of short and very short forms of the infant behavior questionnaire-revised. J Pers Assess. 2014;96:445–458. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2013.841171.
    1. Putnam SP, Gartstein MA, Rothbart MK. Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament: the early childhood behavior questionnaire. Infant Behav Dev. 2006;29(3):386–401. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.01.004.
    1. Sleddens EFC, O'Connor TM, Watson KB, Hughes SO, Power TG, Thijs C, et al. Development of the comprehensive general parenting questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11(15):1–14.
    1. ICMJE. Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals 2017 [updated December 2017. Available from: .
    1. Michaelsen KF. Feeding and nutrition of infants and young children: guidelines for the WHO European region, with emphasis on the former soviet countries: WHO regional office Europe. 2000.
    1. Fewtrell M, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Domellof M, Embleton N, Mis NF, et al. Complementary feeding: a position paper by the European society for paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition (ESPGHAN) committee on nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;64:119–132. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001454.
    1. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, N., & Allergies Scientific Opinion on the appropriate age for introduction of complementary feeding of infants. EFSA Journal. 2009;7:1423. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1423.
    1. Abrams EM, Greenhawt M, Herscher DM, Chand ES. Early solid food introduction: role in food allergy prevention and implications for breastfeeding. J Pediatr. 2017;184:13–18. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.01.053.
    1. Nederland SV. Alles over de eerste hapjes voor je baby 2019 [January 17, 2019]. Available from: .
    1. S. Gezondheid en voeding 2019 [January 17, 2019]. Available from: .

Source: PubMed

Sponsorit ja yhteistyökumppanit

Sairaudet

Huumeiden interventiot

3
Tilaa