SmokefreeTXT for Homeless Smokers: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Travis P Baggett, Claire McGlave, Gina R Kruse, Awesta Yaqubi, Yuchiao Chang, Nancy A Rigotti, Travis P Baggett, Claire McGlave, Gina R Kruse, Awesta Yaqubi, Yuchiao Chang, Nancy A Rigotti

Abstract

Background: Homeless smokers want to quit smoking but face numerous barriers to doing so, including pervasive smoking among peers and a lack of social support for quitting. An SMS (short message service) text messaging intervention could address these challenges by providing virtual daily support for homeless smokers who are trying to quit but coping with multiple triggers to smoke.

Objective: This study aimed to assess whether a free SMS text messaging program, added to evidence-based pharmacotherapy and counseling, improved smoking abstinence among homeless adult smokers.

Methods: From October 2015 to June 2016, we conducted an 8-week pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) of nicotine patch therapy and weekly in-person counseling with (n=25) or without (n=25) SmokefreeTXT, a free SMS text messaging service administered by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. All participants were provided with a mobile phone and a 2-month prepaid voice and text plan at no cost. SmokefreeTXT enrollees were sent 1 to 5 automated SMS text messages daily for up to 8 weeks and could receive on-demand tips for managing cravings, mood symptoms, and smoking lapses. The primary outcome was smoking abstinence, defined as an exhaled carbon monoxide count of <8 parts per million, assessed 14 times over 8 weeks of follow-up, and analyzed using repeated-measures logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. Other outcomes were use of SmokefreeTXT, assessed by data obtained from NCI; perceptions of SmokefreeTXT, assessed by surveys and qualitative interviews; and mobile phone retention, assessed by self-report.

Results: Of the SmokefreeTXT arm participants (n=25), 88% (22) enrolled in the program, but only 56% (14) had confirmed enrollment for ≥2 weeks. Among 2-week enrollees, the median response rate to interactive messages from SmokefreeTXT was 2.1% (interquartile range 0-10.5%). Across all time points, smoking abstinence did not differ significantly between SmokefreeTXT and control arm participants (odds ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.30-2.84). Of SmokefreeTXT enrollees who completed exit surveys (n=15), two-thirds were very or extremely satisfied with the program. However, qualitative interviews (n=14) revealed that many participants preferred in-person intervention formats over phone-based, found the SMS text messages impersonal and robotic, and felt that the messages were too frequent and repetitive. Only 40% (10/25) of SmokefreeTXT arm participants retained their study-supplied mobile phone for the 8-week duration of the trial, with phone theft being common. Storing and charging phones were cited as challenges.

Conclusions: SmokefreeTXT, added to nicotine patch therapy and in-person counseling, did not significantly improve smoking abstinence in this 8-week pilot RCT for homeless smokers. SMS text messaging interventions for this population should be better tuned to the unique circumstances of homelessness and coupled with efforts to promote mobile phone retention over time.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02565381; https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT02565381 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/78PLpDptZ).

Keywords: cigarette smoking; homeless persons; smoking cessation; text messaging.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: TPB receives royalties from UpToDate for authorship of a topic review on the health care of homeless people in the United States. GRK has a family financial interest in Dimagi Inc and is a paid consultant for Click Therapeutics. NAR has consulted without pay for Pfizer and for pay for Achieve Life Sciences regarding smoking cessation medications. She receives royalties from UpToDate for authorship of topic reviews on smoking cessation. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.

©Travis P Baggett, Claire McGlave, Gina R Kruse, Awesta Yaqubi, Yuchiao Chang, Nancy A Rigotti. Originally published in JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 04.06.2019.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials flow diagram. Sum of exclusion reasons totals greater than 117 because individuals could be ineligible for more than one reason. Smoking inclusion criteria were: (1) lifetime smoking of ≥100 cigarettes, (2) current daily smoking of ≥5 cigarettes per day, and (3) exhaled carbon monoxide level of ≥8 parts per million on 2 separate occasions.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Brief carbon monoxide–defined smoking abstinence by study arm. CO: carbon monoxide; OR: odds ratio; ppm: parts per million.

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