Increase in detection of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Canada: 2006-2019

Abstract

Background: Increasingly, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) has been used to provide rapid, inexpensive and precise identification of bacteria, including Corynebacterium species. Only three Corynebacterium species are able to produce diphtheria toxin (DT), and strains recovered may be either toxin-producing or non-toxin-producing. It appears the more precise bacterial identification provided by MALDI-TOF systems has led to an increase in requests submitted to the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) for toxin testing.

Objective: To describe the number of isolates identified as C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis, submitted to the NML between January 2006 and July 30, 2019, including their geographic area, source, and whether they produce DT.

Methods: Referrals to the NML of human or animal isolates that were identified as any of those three Corynebacterium species were studied with respect to province, source and toxigenicity. Species identification was confirmed and then specimens were tested by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of tox genes and, if positive, for expression of DT by the modified Elek method. Analysis was descriptive.

Results: Over the study period, 639 isolates were identified as C. diphtheriae, 22 isolates as C. ulcerans; no isolates were identified as C. pseudotuberculosis. There was an increase in C. diphtheriae referrals for DT testing: from eight per year in 2006 to an average of 15 per month in 2019, or a 1,200% increase over the 13.6-year period. The referrals were primarily from western Canada (n=609/639; 95%). Most (638/639, 99%) were human isolates and most were obtained from cutaneous sites. Of those isolates, 87/639 (13.6%) were found to be toxigenic and 552/639 (86.4%) non-toxigenic. Among C. ulcerans referrals, 17/22 (77%) were from humans and five (23%) were from animals, with 10/22 (45%) being toxigenic.

Conclusion: There has been a marked increase in referrals to the NML for DT testing of Corynebacterium species. This could be due to the enhanced ability to identify these bacteria using MALDI-TOF systems. Ongoing monitoring will help to assess whether the increase is due solely to increased precision of diagnosis or whether these are emerging cutaneous pathogens.

Keywords: Corynebacterium diphtheriae; MALDI-TOF; diphtheria-toxin-producing species; increase in recovery.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: None.

Figures

Figure 1

Corynebacterium diphtheriae referrals for toxin testing by year, subset by number of toxigenic strains Abbreviations: C. diphtheriae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae; MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization spectrometry

Figure 2

Corynebacterium diphtheriae and C. ulcerans referrals, by province Abbreviations: AB, Alberta; BC, British Columbia; C., Corynebacterium; MB, Manitoba; NB, New Brunswick; ON, Ontario; PEI, Prince Edward Island; QC, Quebec; SK, Saskatchewan a Other, sources outside of Canada

Figure 3

Corynebacterium ulcerans referrals for toxin testing by year, subset by number of toxigenic strains Abbreviations: C. ulcerans, Corynebacterium ulcerans; MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization spectrometry Note: Five C. ulcerans strains shown from 2019 were received from a veterinary laboratory. The remaining 17 samples were obtained from human sources