Comparing fNIRS signal qualities between approaches with and without short channels
Xin Zhou, Gabriel Sobczak, Colette M McKay, Ruth Y Litovsky, Xin Zhou, Gabriel Sobczak, Colette M McKay, Ruth Y Litovsky
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive technique used to measure changes in oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated (HbR) hemoglobin, related to neuronal activity. fNIRS signals are contaminated by the systemic responses in the extracerebral tissue (superficial layer) of the head, as fNIRS uses a back-reflection measurement. Using shorter channels that are only sensitive to responses in the extracerebral tissue but not in the deeper layers where target neuronal activity occurs has been a 'gold standard' to reduce the systemic responses in the fNIRS data from adults. When shorter channels are not available or feasible for implementation, an alternative, i.e., anti-correlation (Anti-Corr) method has been adopted. To date, there has not been a study that directly assesses the outcomes from the two approaches. In this study, we compared the Anti-Corr method with the 'gold standard' in reducing systemic responses to improve fNIRS neural signal qualities. We used eight short channels (8-mm) in a group of adults, and conducted a principal component analysis (PCA) to extract two components that contributed the most to responses in the 8 short channels, which were assumed to contain the global components in the extracerebral tissue. We then used a general linear model (GLM), with and without including event-related regressors, to regress out the 2 principal components from regular fNIRS channels (30 mm), i.e., two GLM-PCA methods. Our results found that, the two GLM-PCA methods showed similar performance, both GLM-PCA methods and the Anti-Corr method improved fNIRS signal qualities, and the two GLM-PCA methods had better performance than the Anti-Corr method.
Conflict of interest statement
Dr. Litovsky discloses that she is a consultant for Frequency Therapeutics; however, this does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Figures
References
- Jobsis FF. Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters. Science. 1977;198(4323):1264–7. 10.1126/science.929199
- Ferrari M, Quaresima V. A brief review on the history of human functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) development and fields of application. Neuroimage. 2012;63(2):921–35. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.049
- Scholkmann F, Kleiser S, Metz AJ, Zimmermann R, Mata Pavia J, Wolf U, et al. A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology. Neuroimage. 2014;85 Pt 1:6–27. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.004
- Scholkmann F, Spichtig S, Muehlemann T, Wolf M. How to detect and reduce movement artifacts in near-infrared imaging using moving standard deviation and spline interpolation. Physiological measurement. 2010;31(5):649–62. 10.1088/0967-3334/31/5/004
- Kirilina E, Yu N, Jelzow A, Wabnitz H, Jacobs AM, Tachtsidis I. Identifying and quantifying main components of physiological noise in functional near infrared spectroscopy on the prefrontal cortex. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2013;7:864 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00864
- Kirilina E, Jelzow A, Heine A, Niessing M, Wabnitz H, Bruhl R, et al. The physiological origin of task-evoked systemic artefacts in functional near infrared spectroscopy. Neuroimage. 2012;61(1):70–81. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.074
- Yücel MA, Selb J, Aasted CM, Lin P-Y, Borsook D, Becerra L, et al. Mayer waves reduce the accuracy of estimated hemodynamic response functions in functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Biomedical optics express. 2016;7(8):3078–88. 10.1364/BOE.7.003078
- Habermehl C, Schmitz C, Koch SP, Mehnert J, Steinbrink J, editors. Investigating hemodynamics in scalp and brain using high-resolution diffuse optical tomography in humans. Biomedical Optics; 2012: Optical Society of America.
- Tachtsidis I, Scholkmann F. Erratum: Publisher’s note: False positives and false negatives in functional near-infrared spectroscopy: issues, challenges, and the way forward. Neurophotonics. 2016;3(3):039801 10.1117/1.NPh.3.3.039801
- Strangman GE, Zhang Q, Li Z. Scalp and skull influence on near infrared photon propagation in the Colin27 brain template. Neuroimage. 2014;85 Pt 1:136–49. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.090
- Hirasawa A, Yanagisawa S, Tanaka N, Funane T, Kiguchi M, Sorensen H, et al. Influence of skin blood flow and source-detector distance on near-infrared spectroscopy-determined cerebral oxygenation in humans. Clin Physiol Funct I. 2015;35(3):237–44. 10.1111/cpf.12156
- Al-Rawi PG, Smielewski P, Kirkpatrick PJ. Evaluation of a near-infrared spectrometer (NIRO 300) for the detection of intracranial oxygenation changes in the adult head. Stroke. 2001;32(11):2492–500. 10.1161/hs1101.098356
- Huppert TJ, Diamond SG, Franceschini MA, Boas DA. HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain. Appl Opt. 2009;48(10):D280–98. 10.1364/ao.48.00d280
- Erdogan SB, Yucel MA, Akin A. Analysis of task-evoked systemic interference in fNIRS measurements: insights from fMRI. Neuroimage. 2014;87:490–504. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.024
- Zhang YH, Brooks DH, Franceschini MA, Boas DA. Eigenvector-based spatial filtering for reduction of physiological interference in diffuse optical imaging. Journal of biomedical optics. 2005;10(1). 10.1117/1.1852552
- Zhang X, Noah JA, Dravida S, Hirsch J. Signal processing of functional NIRS data acquired during overt speaking. Neurophotonics. 2017;4(4):041409 10.1117/1.NPh.4.4.041409
- Zhang X, Noah JA, Hirsch J. Separation of the global and local components in functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals using principal component spatial filtering. Neurophotonics. 2016;3(1). 10.1117/1.NPh.3.1.015004
- Cooper RJ, Seib J, Gagnon L, Phillip D, Schytz HW, Iversen HK, et al. A systematic comparison of motion artifact correction techniques for functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2012;6 10.3389/fnins.2012.00147
- Santosa H, Hong MJ, Kim SP, Hong KS. Noise reduction in functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals by independent component analysis. The Review of scientific instruments. 2013;84(7):073106 10.1063/1.4812785
- Bauernfeind G, Wriessnegger SC, Daly I, Muller-Putz GR. Separating heart and brain: on the reduction of physiological noise from multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals. Journal of neural engineering. 2014;11(5):056010 10.1088/1741-2560/11/5/056010
- Virtanen J, Noponen T, Merilainen P. Comparison of principal and independent component analysis in removing extracerebral interference from near-infrared spectroscopy signals. Journal of biomedical optics. 2009;14(5):054032 10.1117/1.3253323
- Cui X, Bray S, Reiss AL. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signal improvement based on negative correlation between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin dynamics. Neuroimage. 2010;49(4):3039–46. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.050
- Yamada T, Umeyama S, Matsuda K. Separation of fNIRS Signals into Functional and Systemic Components Based on Differences in Hemodynamic Modalities. PloS one. 2012;7(11). 10.1371/journal.pone.0050271
- Wijayasiri P, Hartley DEH, Wiggins IM. Brain activity underlying the recovery of meaning from degraded speech: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. Hearing research. 2017;351:55–67. 10.1016/j.heares.2017.05.010
- Zhou X, Seghouane AK, Shah A, Innes-Brown H, Cross W, Litovsky RY, et al. Cortical Speech Processing in Postlingually Deaf Adult Cochlear Implant Users, as Revealed by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Trends in hearing. 2018;22:2331216518786850 10.1177/2331216518786850
- Wiggins IM, Hartley DEH. A Synchrony-Dependent Influence of Sounds on Activity in Visual Cortex Measured Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). PloS one. 2015;10(3).
- Lawrence RJ, Wiggins IM, Anderson CA, Davies-Thompson J, Hartley DE. Cortical correlates of speech intelligibility measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Hearing research. 2018;370:53–64. 10.1016/j.heares.2018.09.005
- Jasdzewski G, Strangman G, Wagner J, Kwong KK, Poldrack RA, Boas DA. Differences in the hemodynamic response to event-related motor and visual paradigms as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Neuroimage. 2003;20(1):479–88. 10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00311-2
- Gagnon L, Perdue K, Greve DN, Goldenholz D, Kaskhedikar G, Boas DA. Improved recovery of the hemodynamic response in diffuse optical imaging using short optode separations and state-space modeling. Neuroimage. 2011;56(3):1362–71. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.001
- Gagnon L, Yücel MA, Boas DA, Cooper RJ. Further improvement in reducing superficial contamination in NIRS using double short separation measurements. Neuroimage. 2014;85:127–35. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.073
- Sato T, Nambu I, Takeda K, Aihara T, Yamashita O, Isogaya Y, et al. Reduction of global interference of scalp-hemodynamics in functional near-infrared spectroscopy using short distance probes. NeuroImage. 2016;141:120–32. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.054
- Saager RB, Berger AJ. Direct characterization and removal of interfering absorption trends in two-layer turbid media. JOSA A. 2005;22(9):1874–82. 10.1364/josaa.22.001874
- Funane T, Atsumori H, Katura T, Obata AN, Sato H, Tanikawa Y, et al. Quantitative evaluation of deep and shallow tissue layers’ contribution to fNIRS signal using multi-distance optodes and independent component analysis. Neuroimage. 2014;85 Pt 1:150–65. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.026
- Gagnon L, Cooper RJ, Yücel MA, Perdue KL, Greve DN, Boas DA. Short separation channel location impacts the performance of short channel regression in NIRS. Neuroimage. 2012;59(3):2518–28. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.095
- Scholkmann F, Metz AJ, Wolf M. Measuring tissue hemodynamics and oxygenation by continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy—how robust are the different calculation methods against movement artifacts? Physiological measurement. 2014;35(4):717 10.1088/0967-3334/35/4/717
- Zhang Q, Brown EN, Strangman GE. Adaptive filtering for global interference cancellation and real-time recovery of evoked brain activity: a Monte Carlo simulation study. Journal of biomedical optics. 2007;12(4):044014–12. 10.1117/1.2754714
- Zhang Q, Strangman GE, Ganis G. Adaptive filtering to reduce global interference in non-invasive NIRS measures of brain activation: how well and when does it work? Neuroimage. 2009;45(3):788–94. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.048
- Brigadoi S, Cooper RJ. How short is short? Optimum source–detector distance for short-separation channels in functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Neurophotonics. 2015;2(2):025005-. 10.1117/1.NPh.2.2.025005
- Weder S, Zhou X, Shoushtarian M, Innes-Brown H, McKay C. Cortical Processing Related to Intensity of a Modulated Noise Stimulus—a Functional Near-Infrared Study. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology. 2018;19(3):273–86. 10.1007/s10162-018-0661-0
- Gregg NM, White BR, Zeff BW, Berger AJ, Culver JP. Brain specificity of diffuse optical imaging: improvements from superficial signal regression and tomography. Frontiers in neuroenergetics. 2010;2.
- Yamada T, Umeyama S, Matsuda K. Multidistance probe arrangement to eliminate artifacts in functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of biomedical optics. 2009;14(6):064034–12. 10.1117/1.3275469
- Pollonini L, Olds C, Abaya H, Bortfeld H, Beauchamp MS, Oghalai JS. Auditory cortex activation to natural speech and simulated cochlear implant speech measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Hearing research. 2014;309:84–93. 10.1016/j.heares.2013.11.007
- Goodwin JR, Gaudet CR, Berger AJ. Short-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy regressions improve when source-detector separation is reduced. Neurophotonics. 2014;1(1). 10.1117/1.NPh.1.1.015002
- Scarpa F, Cutini S, Scatturin P, Dell’Acqua R, Sparacino G. Bayesian filtering of human brain hemodynamic activity elicited by visual short-term maintenance recorded through functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Optics express. 2010;18(25):26550–68. 10.1364/OE.18.026550
- Vigneau M, Beaucousin V, Herve PY, Duffau H, Crivello F, Houde O, et al. Meta-analyzing left hemisphere language areas: phonology, semantics, and sentence processing. Neuroimage. 2006;30(4):1414–32. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.002
- Vigneau M, Beaucousin V, Herve PY, Jobard G, Petit L, Crivello F, et al. What is right-hemisphere contribution to phonological, lexico-semantic, and sentence processing? Insights from a meta-analysis. Neuroimage. 2011;54(1):577–93. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.036
- Acharya JN, Hani A, Cheek J, Thirumala P, Tsuchida TN. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 2: Guidelines for Standard Electrode Position Nomenclature. Journal of clinical neurophysiology: official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2016;33(4):308–11.
- Shannon RV, Zeng F-G, Kamath V, Wygonski J, Ekelid M. Speech recognition with primarily temporal cues. Science. 1995;270(5234):303–4. 10.1126/science.270.5234.303
- Molavi B, Dumont GA. Wavelet based motion artifact removal for Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Conference proceedings: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference. 2010;2010:5–8.
- Scholkmann F, Wolf M. General equation for the differential pathlength factor of the frontal human head depending on wavelength and age. Journal of biomedical optics. 2013;18(10):105004 10.1117/1.JBO.18.10.105004
- Delpy DT, Cope M, van der Zee P, Arridge S, Wray S, Wyatt J. Estimation of optical pathlength through tissue from direct time of flight measurement. Physics in medicine and biology. 1988;33(12):1433 10.1088/0031-9155/33/12/008
- Kamran MA, Jeong MY, Mannan MM. Optimal hemodynamic response model for functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience. 2015;9 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00151
- Friston KJ, Fletcher P, Josephs O, Holmes A, Rugg M, Turner R. Event-related fMRI: characterizing differential responses. Neuroimage. 1998;7(1):30–40. 10.1006/nimg.1997.0306
- Ferrari M, Mottola L, Quaresima V. Principles, techniques, and limitations of near infrared spectroscopy. Canadian journal of applied physiology = Revue canadienne de physiologie appliquee. 2004;29(4):463–87. 10.1139/h04-031
- Bliese PD. Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. 2000.
Source: PubMed