Clinical and Immunological Biomarkers for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Haitao Yu, Yasuo Nagafuchi, Keishi Fujio, Haitao Yu, Yasuo Nagafuchi, Keishi Fujio

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by immune system dysfunction and is clinically heterogeneous, exhibiting renal, dermatological, neuropsychiatric, and cardiovascular symptoms. Clinical and physiological assessment is usually inadequate for diagnosing and assessing pathophysiological processes in SLE. Clinical and immunological biomarkers could play a critical role in improving diagnosis, assessment, and ultimately, control of SLE. This article reviews clinical and immunological biomarkers that could diagnose and monitor disease activity in SLE, with and without organ-specific injury. In addition, novel SLE biomarkers that have been discovered through "omics" research are also reviewed.

Keywords: biomarkers; diagnosis; monitoring; omics; systemic lupus erythematosus.

Conflict of interest statement

Y.H. declare no conflict of interest. Y.N. received financial support or fees from BMS, Chugai, Kissei, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer. K. Fujio received grants, consulting fees, speaking fees, and/or honoraria from Takeda, BMS, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Asahi Kasei, Sanofi, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Ono, Janssen, AbbVie, Astellas, Eisai, Pfizer, Chugai, Novartis, UCB, Tsumura, Taisho Toyama, Nihon Kayaku, and Ayumi.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Common biomarkers for SLE and their measurement sites in patients with SLE. AhR ratio: the ratio of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in Th17 cells to that in Treg; anti-NMDAR: antibodies against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; anti-RibP: antibodies against ribosomal proteins; anti-SSA: antibodies against Sjogren’s syndrome A; dsDNA: double-stranded DNA; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; IP-10: IFN-γ-inducible protein 10; MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MHR: monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; nLHR: low-density granulocytes-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; PON1: antibodies against paraoxonase1; Sm: Smith; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.

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