Senolytic CAR T cells reverse senescence-associated pathologies
Corina Amor, Judith Feucht, Josef Leibold, Yu-Jui Ho, Changyu Zhu, Direna Alonso-Curbelo, Jorge Mansilla-Soto, Jacob A Boyer, Xiang Li, Theodoros Giavridis, Amanda Kulick, Shauna Houlihan, Ellinor Peerschke, Scott L Friedman, Vladimir Ponomarev, Alessandra Piersigilli, Michel Sadelain, Scott W Lowe, Corina Amor, Judith Feucht, Josef Leibold, Yu-Jui Ho, Changyu Zhu, Direna Alonso-Curbelo, Jorge Mansilla-Soto, Jacob A Boyer, Xiang Li, Theodoros Giavridis, Amanda Kulick, Shauna Houlihan, Ellinor Peerschke, Scott L Friedman, Vladimir Ponomarev, Alessandra Piersigilli, Michel Sadelain, Scott W Lowe
Abstract
Cellular senescence is characterized by stable cell-cycle arrest and a secretory program that modulates the tissue microenvironment1,2. Physiologically, senescence serves as a tumour-suppressive mechanism that prevents the expansion of premalignant cells3,4 and has a beneficial role in wound-healing responses5,6. Pathologically, the aberrant accumulation of senescent cells generates an inflammatory milieu that leads to chronic tissue damage and contributes to diseases such as liver and lung fibrosis, atherosclerosis, diabetes and osteoarthritis1,7. Accordingly, eliminating senescent cells from damaged tissues in mice ameliorates the symptoms of these pathologies and even promotes longevity1,2,8-10. Here we test the therapeutic concept that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells that target senescent cells can be effective senolytic agents. We identify the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)11 as a cell-surface protein that is broadly induced during senescence and show that uPAR-specific CAR T cells efficiently ablate senescent cells in vitro and in vivo. CAR T cells that target uPAR extend the survival of mice with lung adenocarcinoma that are treated with a senescence-inducing combination of drugs, and restore tissue homeostasis in mice in which liver fibrosis is induced chemically or by diet. These results establish the therapeutic potential of senolytic CAR T cells for senescence-associated diseases.
Conflict of interest statement
COMPETING INTERESTS
A patent application has been submitted based in part on results presented in this manuscript. C.A, J.F, J.L, M.S, S.W.L are listed as the inventors. J.F and M.S hold other unrelated patents on CAR technologies.
Figures
References
- He S & Sharpless NE Senescence in Health and Disease. Cell 169, 1000–1011, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.015 (2017).
- Sharpless NE & Sherr CJ Forging a signature of in vivo senescence. Nat Rev Cancer 15, 397–408, doi:10.1038/nrc3960 (2015).
- Serrano M, Lin AW, McCurrach ME, Beach D & Lowe SW Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a. Cell 88, 593–602 (1997).
- Kang TW et al. Senescence surveillance of pre-malignant hepatocytes limits liver cancer development. Nature 479, 547–551, doi:10.1038/nature10599 (2011).
- Demaria M et al. An essential role for senescent cells in optimal wound healing through secretion of PDGF-AA. Dev Cell 31, 722–733, doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.012 (2014).
- Krizhanovsky V et al. Senescence of activated stellate cells limits liver fibrosis. Cell 134, 657–667, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.049 (2008).
- Collado M, Blasco MA & Serrano M Cellular senescence in cancer and aging. Cell 130, 223–233, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.003 (2007).
- Baker DJ et al. Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders. Nature 479, 232–236, doi:10.1038/nature10600 (2011).
- Baar MP et al. Targeted Apoptosis of Senescent Cells Restores Tissue Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging. Cell 169, 132–147 e116, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.031 (2017).
- Childs BG et al. Senescent intimal foam cells are deleterious at all stages of atherosclerosis. Science 354, 472–477, doi:10.1126/science.aaf6659 (2016).
- Smith HW & Marshall CJ Regulation of cell signalling by uPAR. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11, 23–36, doi:10.1038/nrm2821 (2010).
- Kirkland JL & Tchkonia T Cellular Senescence: A Translational Perspective. EBioMedicine 21, 21–28, doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.013 (2017).
- Xu M et al. Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age. Nat Med 24, 1246–1256, doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0092-9 (2018).
- Sadelain M, Riviere I & Riddell S Therapeutic T cell engineering. Nature 545, 423–431, doi:10.1038/nature22395 (2017).
- Park JH et al. Long-Term Follow-up of CD19 CAR Therapy in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. N Engl J Med 378, 449–459, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1709919 (2018).
- Aghajanian H et al. Targeting cardiac fibrosis with engineered T cells. Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1546-z (2019).
- Du H et al. Antitumor Responses in the Absence of Toxicity in Solid Tumors by Targeting B7–H3 via Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Cancer Cell 35, 221–237 e228, doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2019.01.002 (2019).
- Pellegatta S et al. Constitutive and TNFalpha-inducible expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 in glioblastoma and neurospheres: Implications for CAR-T cell therapy. Sci Transl Med 10, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aao2731 (2018).
- Ruscetti M et al. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity contributes to tumor control by a cytostatic drug combination. Science 362, 1416–1422, doi:10.1126/science.aas9090 (2018).
- Perna F et al. Integrating Proteomics and Transcriptomics for Systematic Combinatorial Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy of AML. Cancer Cell 32, 506–519 e505, doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2017.09.004 (2017).
- Tasdemir N et al. BRD4 Connects Enhancer Remodeling to Senescence Immune Surveillance. Cancer Discov 6, 612–629, doi:10.1158/-16-0217 (2016).
- Simon DI et al. Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) and the urokinase receptor (CD87) form a functional unit on monocytic cells. Blood 88, 3185–3194 (1996).
- Bugge TH et al. The receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator is not essential for mouse development or fertility. J Biol Chem 270, 16886–16894, doi:10.1074/jbc.270.28.16886 (1995).
- Coppe JP et al. Senescence-associated secretory phenotypes reveal cell-nonautonomous functions of oncogenic RAS and the p53 tumor suppressor. PLoS Biol 6, 2853–2868, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060301 (2008).
- Hayek SS et al. Soluble Urokinase Receptor and Chronic Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med 373, 1916–1925, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1506362 (2015).
- Belcher C, Fawthrop F, Bunning R & Doherty M Plasminogen activators and their inhibitors in synovial fluids from normal, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis knees. Ann Rheum Dis 55, 230–236, doi:10.1136/ard.55.4.230 (1996).
- Guthoff M et al. Soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR) predicts microalbuminuria in patients at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep 7, 40627, doi:10.1038/srep40627 (2017).
- Schuliga M et al. The fibrogenic actions of lung fibroblast-derived urokinase: a potential drug target in IPF. Sci Rep 7, 41770, doi:10.1038/srep41770 (2017).
- Brentjens RJ et al. Eradication of systemic B-cell tumors by genetically targeted human T lymphocytes co-stimulated by CD80 and interleukin-15. Nat Med 9, 279–286, doi:10.1038/nm827 (2003).
- Wang C et al. Inducing and exploiting vulnerabilities for the treatment of liver cancer. Nature 574, 268–272, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1607-3 (2019).
- Schnabl B, Purbeck CA, Choi YH, Hagedorn CH & Brenner D Replicative senescence of activated human hepatic stellate cells is accompanied by a pronounced inflammatory but less fibrogenic phenotype. Hepatology 37, 653–664, doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50097 (2003).
- Puche JE et al. A novel murine model to deplete hepatic stellate cells uncovers their role in amplifying liver damage in mice. Hepatology 57, 339–350, doi:10.1002/hep.26053 (2013).
- Kuhn NF et al. CD40 Ligand-Modified Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Enhance Antitumor Function by Eliciting an Endogenous Antitumor Response. Cancer Cell 35, 473–488 e476, doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2019.02.006 (2019).
- Dobrenkov K et al. Monitoring the efficacy of adoptively transferred prostate cancer-targeted human T lymphocytes with PET and bioluminescence imaging. J Nucl Med 49, 1162–1170, doi:10.2967/jnumed.107.047324 (2008).
- Giavridis T et al. CAR T cell-induced cytokine release syndrome is mediated by macrophages and abated by IL-1 blockade. Nat Med 24, 731–738, doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0041-7 (2018).
- Norelli M et al. Monocyte-derived IL-1 and IL-6 are differentially required for cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity due to CAR T cells. Nat Med 24, 739–748, doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0036-4 (2018).
- Feucht J et al. Calibration of CAR activation potential directs alternative T cell fates and therapeutic potency. Nat Med 25, 82–88, doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0290-5 (2019).
- Brunt EM et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 1, 15080, doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.80 (2015).
- Wang L et al. Basing on uPAR-binding fragment to design chimeric antigen receptors triggers antitumor efficacy against uPAR expressing ovarian cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 117, 109173, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109173 (2019).
- Paszkiewicz PJ et al. Targeted antibody-mediated depletion of murine CD19 CAR T cells permanently reverses B cell aplasia. J Clin Invest 126, 4262–4272, doi:10.1172/JCI84813 (2016).
- Gargett T & Brown MP The inducible caspase-9 suicide gene system as a “safety switch” to limit on-target, off-tumor toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Front Pharmacol 5, 235, doi:10.3389/fphar.2014.00235 (2014).
- Anderson KG, Stromnes IM & Greenberg PD Obstacles Posed by the Tumor Microenvironment to T cell Activity: A Case for Synergistic Therapies. Cancer Cell 31, 311–325, doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.008 (2017).
- Bolger AM, Lohse M & Usadel B Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30, 2114–2120, doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170 (2014).
- Dobin A et al. STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics 29, 15–21, doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts635 (2013).
- Liao Y, Smyth GK & Shi W featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features. Bioinformatics 30, 923–930, doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt656 (2014).
- Love MI, Huber W & Anders S Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol 15, 550, doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8 (2014).
- Chen EY et al. Enrichr: interactive and collaborative HTML5 gene list enrichment analysis tool. BMC Bioinformatics 14, 128, doi:10.1186/1471-2105-14-128 (2013).
- Livshits G et al. Arid1a restrains Kras-dependent changes in acinar cell identity. Elife 7, doi:10.7554/eLife.35216 (2018).
- Lujambio A et al. Non-cell-autonomous tumor suppression by p53. Cell 153, 449–460, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.020 (2013).
- Zhu C et al. Hepatocyte Notch activation induces liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Transl Med 10, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aat0344 (2018).
- Wang X et al. Hepatocyte TAZ/WWTR1 Promotes Inflammation and Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cell Metab 24, 848–862, doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.016 (2016).
- Van der Schueren B et al. Low cytochrome oxidase 4I1 links mitochondrial dysfunction to obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans and mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 39, 1254–1263, doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.58 (2015).
- Davila ML, Kloss CC, Gunset G & Sadelain M CD19 CAR-targeted T cells induce long-term remission and B Cell Aplasia in an immunocompetent mouse model of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 8, e61338, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061338 (2013).
- Maher J, Brentjens RJ, Gunset G, Riviere I & Sadelain M Human T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity and proliferation directed by a single chimeric TCRzeta /CD28 receptor. Nat Biotechnol 20, 70–75, doi:10.1038/nbt0102-70 (2002).
- Brentjens RJ et al. Genetically targeted T cells eradicate systemic acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 13, 5426–5435, doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0674 (2007).
- Hagani AB, Riviere I, Tan C, Krause A & Sadelain M Activation conditions determine susceptibility of murine primary T-lymphocytes to retroviral infection. J Gene Med 1, 341–351, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-2254(199909/10)1:5<341::AID-JGM58>;2-J (1999).
- Santos EB et al. Sensitive in vivo imaging of T cells using a membrane-bound Gaussia princeps luciferase. Nat Med 15, 338–344, doi:10.1038/nm.1930 (2009).
- Fujii M et al. A murine model for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis showing evidence of association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Mol Morphol 46, 141–152, doi:10.1007/s00795-013-0016-1 (2013).
Source: PubMed