Modulation of Distinct Intrinsic Resting State Brain Networks by Acute Exercise Bouts of Differing Intensity

Angelika Schmitt, Neeraj Upadhyay, Jason Anthony Martin, Sandra Rojas, Heiko Klaus Strüder, Henning Boecker, Angelika Schmitt, Neeraj Upadhyay, Jason Anthony Martin, Sandra Rojas, Heiko Klaus Strüder, Henning Boecker

Abstract

Acute exercise bouts alter resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) within cognitive, sensorimotor, and affective networks, but it remains unknown how these effects are influenced by exercise intensity. Twenty-five male athletes underwent individual fitness assessments using an incremental treadmill test. On separate days, they performed 'low' (35% below lactate threshold) and 'high' (20% above lactate threshold) intensity exercise bouts of 30 min. Rs-fMRI and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) were acquired before and after each exercise bout. Networks of interest were extracted from twenty-two participants (3 dropouts). Pre-to-post changes and between conditions effects were evaluated using FSL's randomise by applying repeated measures ANOVA. Results were reported at p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons using threshold free cluster enhancement. PANAS revealed a significant increase in positive mood after both exercise conditions. Significant effects were observed between conditions in the right affective and reward network (ARN), the right fronto parietal network (FPN) and the sensorimotor network (SMN). Pre-to-post comparisons after 'low' exercise intensity revealed a significant increase in rs-FC in the left and right FPN, while after 'high'-intensity exercise rs-FC decreased in the SMN and the dorsal attention network (DAN) and increased in the left ARN. Supporting recent findings, this study is the first to report distinct rs-FC alterations driven by exercise intensity: (i) Increased rs-FC in FPN may indicate beneficial functional plasticity for cognitive/attentional processing, (ii) increased rs-FC in ARN may be linked to endogenous opioid-mediated internal affective states. Finally, (iii) decreased rs-FC in the SMN may signify persistent motor fatigue. The distinct effects on rs-FC fit with theories of transient persistent network alterations after acute exercise bouts that are mediated by different exercise intensities and impact differentially on cognitive/attentional or affective responses.

Keywords: Physical activity; aerobic exercise; exercise intensity; resting state network; rs-fMRI.

Conflict of interest statement

None of the participating scientists have any competing financial interests.

© 2019 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Networks derived from group ICA decomposition. The colored network maps are presented at a threshold of Z > 2.3 based on the group ICA. BGN = Basal Ganglia Network; ECN = Executive Control Network; CBN = Cerebellar Network; DAN = Dorsal Attention Network; DMN = Default Mode Network; HIP = Hippocampal Network; LARN = Left Affective and Reward Network; LFPN = Left Fronto Parietal Network; RARN = Right Affective and Reward Network; RFPN = Right Fronto Parietal Network; SMN = Sensorimotor Network; R = right; L = left.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
FC changes observed significantly different between conditions (‘low’ and ‘high’ intensity). Significant clusters in the interaction of the: A) RARN in the right anterior insula; B) RFPN in the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG); C) SMN in the left and right postcentral gyrus, the precuneus and the right supplementary motor area (SMA); Data shown is corrected for p < 0.05, after multiple comparison correction using TFCE approach; z-values were normalized by dividing them by SD; For enhancing the contrast between the activation clusters and the RSN masks, we chose either blue or red for the activation clusters. The colors do not indicate increases or decreases. N = 22; R = right; L = left.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Differential effects in rs-FC from pre to post within exercise condition. Rs-FC changes in the: A) ECN within the ‘low’ condition (post>pre) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (trend only, results are presented at p = 0.1), B) DAN within the ‘high’ condition (pre>post) in the postcentral gyrus, C) LARN within the ‘high’ condition (post>pre) in the cerebellar lobule 6, D) LFPN within the ‘low’ condition (post > pre) in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), E) RFPN within the ‘low’ condition (post>pre) in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), middle orbitofrontal gyrus (MOFG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and superior frontal gyrus (SFG), F) SMN within the ‘high’ condition (pre>post) in the postcentral gyrus; data shown is corrected for p < 0.05, after multiple comparison correction using TFCE approach; *indicates significant changes in FC; z-values were normalized by dividing them by SD; For enhancing the contrast between the activation clusters and the RSN masks, we chose either blue or red for the activation clusters. The colors do not indicate increases or decreases. N = 22; R = right; L = left.

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