Vaccination in HIV-infected adults

Nancy F Crum-Cianflone, Mark R Wallace, Nancy F Crum-Cianflone, Mark R Wallace

Abstract

Vaccines are critical components for protecting HIV-infected adults from an increasing number of preventable diseases. However, missed opportunities for vaccination among HIV-infected persons persist, likely due to concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of vaccines, as well as the changing nature of vaccine guidelines. In addition, the optimal timing of vaccination among HIV-infected adults in regards to HIV stage and receipt of antiretroviral therapy remain important questions. This article provides a review of the current recommendations regarding vaccines among HIV-infected adults and a comprehensive summary of the evidence-based literature of the benefits and risks of vaccines among this vulnerable population.

References

    1. Yin Z, Rice BD, Waight P, et al. . Invasive pneumococcal disease among HIV-positive individuals, 2000–2009. AIDS 2012;26:87–94
    1. Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky R, Jr, Phair J, Visscher B, Muñoz A, Thomas DL; Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet 2002;360:1921–1926
    1. Tedaldi EM, Baker RK, Moorman AC, Wood KC, Fuhrer J, McCabe RE, Holmberg SD; HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators. Hepatitis A and B vaccination practices for ambulatory patients infected with HIV. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1478–1484
    1. Bailey CL, Smith V, Sands M. Hepatitis B vaccine: A seven-year study of adherence to the immunization guidelines and efficacy in HIV-1-positive adults. Int J Infect Dis 2008;12:e77–e83
    1. Gallagher KM, Juhasz M, Harris NS, Teshale EH; Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Group. Predictors of influenza vaccination in HIV-infected patients in the United States, 1990–2002. J Infect Dis 2007;196:339–346
    1. Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, et al. . 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:309–318
    1. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Available at (Last accessed March30, 2014)
    1. Bridges CB, Coyne-Beasley T; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older: United States, 2014. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:190.
    1. Sullivan PS, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS, Jones JL, Ward JW; Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Investigators. Effect of influenza vaccination on disease progression among HIV-infected persons. AIDS 2000;14:2781–2785
    1. Janoff EN, Tasker SA, Stevenson M, et al. . Immune activation and virologic response to immunization in recent HIV type 1 seroconverters. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999;15:837–845
    1. Tasker SA, Treanor JJ, Paxton WB, Wallace MR. Efficacy of influenza vaccination in HIV-infected persons. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:430–433
    1. Yamanaka H, Teruya K, Tanaka M, Kikuchi Y, Takahashi T, Kimura S, Oka S; HIV/Influenza Vaccine Study Team. Efficacy and immunologic responses to influenza vaccine in HIV-1-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;39:167–173
    1. Hung CC, Chen MY, Hsieh SM, Hsiao CF, Sheng WH, Chang SC. Clinical experience of the 23-valent capsular polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination in HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: A prospective observational study. Vaccine 2004;22:2006–2012
    1. Grau I, Pallares R, Tubau F, Schulze MH, Llopis F, Podzamczer D, Liñares J, Gudiol F; Spanish Pneumococcal Infection Study Network (G03/103). Epidemiologic changes in bacteremic pneumococcal disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1533–1540
    1. Aberg JA, Gallant JE, Ghanem KG, Emmanuel P, Zingman BS, Horberg MA. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV medicine association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:e1–e34
    1. Steinhart R, Reingold AL, Taylor F, Anderson G, Wenger JD. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections in men with HIV infection. JAMA 1992;268:3350–3352
    1. Farley MM, Stephens DS, Brachman PS, Jr, Harvey RC, Smith JD, Wenger JD. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in adults. A prospective, population-based surveillance. CDC Meningitis Surveillance Group. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:806–812
    1. Lin JC, Nichol KL. Excess mortality due to pneumonia or influenza during influenza seasons among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:441–446
    1. Kunisaki K, Janoff E. Influenza in immunosuppressed populations: A review of infection frequency, morbidity, mortality, and vaccine responses. Lancet Infect Dis 2009;9:493–504
    1. Radwan HM, Cheeseman SH, Lai KK, Ellison III RT. Influenza in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during the 1997–1998 influenza season. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:604–606
    1. Safrin S, Rush JD, Mills J. Influenza in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Chest 1990;98:33–37
    1. Neuzil KM, Reed GW, Mitchel EF, Jr, Griffin MR. Influenza-associated morbidity and mortality in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 1999;281:901–907
    1. King JC, Jr, Treanor J, Fast PE, et al. . Comparison of the safety, vaccine virus shedding, and immunogenicity of influenza virus vaccine, trivalent, types A and B, live cold-adapted, administered to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis 2000;181:725–728
    1. King JC, Jr, Fast PE, Zangwill KM, et al. . Safety, vaccine virus shedding and immunogenicity of trivalent, cold-adapted, live attenuated influenza vaccine administered to human immunodeficiency virus infected and noninfected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:1124–1131
    1. Levin MJ, Song LY, Fenton T, et al. . Shedding of live vaccine virus, comparative safety, and influenza-specific antibody responses after administration of live attenuated and inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines to HIV-infected children. Vaccine 2008;26:4210–4217
    1. CDC website: (Last accessed March30, 2014)
    1. Atashili J, Kalilani L, Adimora AA. Efficacy and clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccines in HIV-infected individuals: A meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:138.
    1. Beck CR, McKenzie BC, Hashim AB, Harris RC; University of Nottingha1m Influenza and the ImmunoCompromised (UNIIC) Study Group, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS. Influenza vaccination for immunocompromised patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis by etiology. J Infect Dis 2012;206:1250–1259
    1. Crum-Cianflone NF, Eberly LE, Duplessis C, et al. . Immunogenicity of a monovalent 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in an immunocompromised population: A prospective study comparing HIV-infected adults with HIV-uninfected adults. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:138–146
    1. Tebas P, Frank I, Lewis M, et al. . Center for AIDS Research and Clinical Trials Unit of the University of Pennsylvania. Poor immunogenicity of the H1N1 2009 vaccine in well controlled HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 2010;24:2187–2192
    1. Bickel M, Wieters I, Khaykin P, et al. . Low rate of seroconversion after vaccination with a split virion, adjuvanted pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2010;24:F31–F35
    1. Kroon FP, van Dissel JT, de Jong JC, van Furth R. Antibody response to influenza, tetanus and pneumococcal vaccines in HIV-seropositive individuals in relation to the number of CD4+ lymphocytes. AIDS 1994;8:469–476
    1. Miotti PG, Nelson KE, Dallabetta GA, Farzadegan H, Margolick J, Clements ML. The influence of HIV infection on antibody responses to a two-dose regimen of influenza vaccine. JAMA 1989;262:779–783
    1. Bickel M, von Hentig N, Wieters I, et al. . Immune response after two doses of the novel split virion, adjuvanted pandemic H1N1 influenza A vaccine in HIV-1-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:122–127
    1. McKittrick N, Frank I, Jacobson JM, White CJ, Kim D, Kappes R, DiGiorgio C, Kenney T, Boyer J, Tebas P. Improved immunogenicity with high-dose seasonal influenza vaccine in HIV-infected persons: A single-center, parallel, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:19–26
    1. Crum-Cianflone NF, Iverson E, Defang G, et al. . Durability of antibody responses after receipt of the monovalent 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults. Vaccine 2011;29:3183–3191
    1. Ranieri R, Veronelli A, Santambrogio C, Pontiroli AE. Impact of influenza vaccine on response to vaccination with pneumococcal vaccine in HIV patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005;21:407–409
    1. French N, Nakiyingi J, Carpenter LM, et al. . 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults: Double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355:2106–2111
    1. Watera C, Nakiyingi J, Miiro G, et al. . 23-Valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-infected Ugandan adults: 6-year follow-up of a clinical trial cohort. AIDS 2004;18:1210–1213
    1. Lesprit P, Pédrono G, Molina JM, et al. ; ANRS 114-Pneumovac Study Group. Immunological efficacy of a prime-boost pneumococcal vaccination in HIV-infected adults. AIDS 2007;21:2425–2434
    1. Kroon FP, van Dissel JT, Ravensbergen E, Nibbering PH, van Furth R. Enhanced antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine after prior immunization with conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in HIV-infected adults. Vaccine 2000;19:886–894
    1. Feikin DR, Elie CM, Goetz MB, et al. . Randomized trial of the quantitative and functional antibody responses to a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and/or 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine among HIV infected adults. Vaccine 2001;20:545–553
    1. Crum-Cianflone NF, Huppler Hullsiek K, Roediger M, et al. ; Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program HIV Working Group. A randomized clinical trial comparing revaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to polysaccharide vaccine among HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1114–1125
    1. French N, Gordon SB, Mwalukomo T, et al. . A trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected adults. N Engl J Med 2010;362:812–822
    1. Hadler SC, Judson FN, O'Malley PM, et al. . Outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in homosexual men and its relation to prior human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1991;163:454–459
    1. Chun HM, Roediger MP, Hullsiek KH, et al. ; Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program HIV Working Group. Hepatitis B virus coinfection negatively impacts HIV outcomes in HIV seroconverters. J Infect Dis 2012;205:185–193
    1. Cooper CL, Angel JB, Seguin I, Davis HL, Cameron DW. CPG 7909 adjuvant plus hepatitis B virus vaccination in HIV-infected adults achieves long-term seroprotection for up to 5 years. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1310–1314
    1. Rock C, de Barra E, Sadlier C, Kelly S, Dowling C, McNally C, Bergin C. Impact of a new vaccine clinic on hepatitis B vaccine completion and immunological response rates in an HIV-positive cohort. J Infect Public Health 2013;6:173–178
    1. van den Berg R, van Hoogstraten I, van Agtmael M. Non-responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccination in HIV seropositive patients; Possible causes and solutions. AIDS Rev 2009;11:157–164
    1. Kim HN, Harrington RD, Crane HM, Dhanireddy S, Dellit TH, Spach DH. Hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected adults: Current evidence, recommendations and practical considerations. Int J STD AIDS 2009;20:595–600
    1. Collier AC, Corey L, Murphy VL, Handsfield HH. Antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and suboptimal response to hepatitis B vaccination. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:101–105
    1. Pasricha N, Datta U, Chawla Y, et al. . Immune responses in patients with HIV infection after vaccination with recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine. BMC Infect Dis 2006;6:65.
    1. Landrum ML, Hullsiek KH, Chun HM, et al. . The timing of hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunization relative to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis and the risk of HBV infection following HIV diagnosis. Am J Epidemiol 2011;173:84–93
    1. Fonseca MO, Pang LW, de Paula Cavalheiro N, Barone AA, Heloisa Lopes M. Randomized trial of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in HIV-infected adult patients comparing a standard dose to a double dose. Vaccine 2005;23:2902–2908
    1. Launay O, van der Vliet D, Rosenberg AR, et al. . Safety and immunogenicity of 4 intramuscular double doses and 4 intradermal low doses vs standard hepatitis B vaccine regimen in adults with HIV-1: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011;305:1432–1440
    1. Ni JD, Xiong YZ, Wang XJ, Xiu LC. Does increased hepatitis B vaccination dose lead to a better immune response in HIV-infected patients than standard dose vaccination: A meta-analysis? Int J STD AIDS 2013;24:117–122
    1. Rey D, Krantz V, Partisani M, et al. . Increasing the number of hepatitis B vaccine injections augments anti-HBs response rate in HIV-infected patients. Effects on HIV-1 viral load. Vaccine 2000;18:1161–1165
    1. de Vries-Sluijs TE, Hansen BE, van Doornum GJ, et al. . A prospective open study of the efficacy of high-dose recombinant hepatitis B rechallenge vaccination in HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis 2008;197:292–294
    1. Landrum ML, Huppler Hullsiek K, Ganesan A, et al. . Hepatitis B vaccine responses in a large U.S. military cohort of HIV-infected individuals: Another benefit of HAART in those with preserved CD4 count. Vaccine 2009;27:4731–4738
    1. Gandhi RT, Wurcel A, Lee H, McGovern B, Shopis J, Geary M, Sivamurthy R, Sax PE, Ukomadu C. Response to hepatitis B vaccine in HIV-1-positive subjects who test positive for isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen: Implications for hepatitis B vaccine strategies. J Infect Dis 2005;191:1435–1441
    1. Jongjirawisan Y, Ungulkraiwit P, Sungkanuparph S. Isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in HIV-1 infected patients and a pilot study of vaccination to determine the anamnestic response. J Med Assoc Thai 2006;89:2028–2034
    1. Poovorawan Y, Chongsrisawat V, Theamboonlers A, Crasta PD, Messier M, Hardt K. Long-term anti-HBs antibody persistence following infant vaccination against hepatitis B and evaluation of anamnestic response: A 20-year follow-up study in Thailand. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013;9:1679–1684
    1. Sheng WH, Kao JH, Chen PJ, et al. . Evolution of hepatitis B serological markers in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:1221–1229
    1. Ida S, Tachikawa N, Nakajima A, Daikoku M, Yano M, Kikuchi Y, Yasuoka A, Kimura S, Oka S. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on acute hepatitis A virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:379–385
    1. Fonquernie L, Meynard JL, Charrois A, Delamare C, Meyohas MC, Frottier J. Occurrence of acute hepatitis A in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:297–299
    1. Wallace MR, Brandt CJ, Earhart KC, Kuter BJ, Grosso AD, Lakkis H, Tasker SA. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine among HIV-infected subjects. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1207–1213
    1. Kemper CA, Haubrich R, Frank I, Dubin G, Buscarino C, McCutchan JA, Deresinski SC; California Collaborative Treatment Group. Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Infect Dis 2003;187:1327–1331
    1. Launay O, Grabar S, Gordien E, et al. ; HEPAVAC Study Group1. Immunological efficacy of a three-dose schedule of hepatitis A vaccine in HIV-infected adults: HEPAVAC study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008;49:272–275
    1. Crum-Cianflone NF, Wilkins K, Lee AW, et al. . Long-term durability of immune responses after hepatitis A vaccination among HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis 2011;203:1815–1823
    1. Kroon FP, van Dissel JT, Labadie J, van Loon AM, van Furth R. Antibody response to diphtheria, tetanus, and poliomyelitis vaccines in relation to the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1197–1203
    1. Rosenblatt HM, Song LY, Nachman SA, Stanley KE, Krogstad PA, Johnson GM, Wiznia AA; Pediatric Aids Clinical Trials Group 377 Study Team. Tetanus immunity after diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis vaccination in children with clinically stable HIV infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;116:698–703
    1. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, Jay N. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1998;177:361–367
    1. Chaturvedi AK, Madeleine MM, Biggar RJ, Engels EA. Risk of human papillomavirus-associated cancers among persons with AIDS. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:1120–1130
    1. Tamalet C, Obry-Roguet V, Ressiot E, Bregigeon S, Del Grande J, Poizot-Martin I. Distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes, assessment of HPV 16 and 18 viral load and anal related lesions in HIV positive patients: A cross-sectional analysis. J Med Virol 2014;86:419–425
    1. Levin MJ, Moscicki AB, Song LY, et al. . Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine in HIV-infected children 7 to 12 years old. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;55:197–204
    1. Wilkin T, Lee JY, Lensing SY, et al. . Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1246–1253
    1. Kahn JA, Xu J, Kapogiannis BG, Rudy B, Gonin R, Liu N, Wilson CM, Worrell C, Squires KE. Immunogenicity and safety of the human papillomavirus 6, 11, 16, 18 vaccine in HIV-infected young women. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:735–744
    1. Kojic EM, Kang M, Cespedes MS, et al. . Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected women. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:127–135
    1. Nitta AT, Douglas JM, Arakere G, Ebens JB. Disseminated meningococcal infection in HIV-seropositive patients. AIDS 1993;7:87–90
    1. Notes from the field: Serogroup C invasive meningococcal disease among men who have sex with men—New York City, 2010–2012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;61:1048.
    1. Miller L, Arakaki L, Ramautar A, et al. . Elevated risk for invasive meningococcal disease among persons with HIV. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:30–37
    1. Bertolini DV, Costa LS, van der Heijden IM, Sato HK, Marques HH. Immunogenicity of a meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected children, adolescents, and young adults. Vaccine 2012;30:5482–5486
    1. Siberry GK, Williams PL, Lujan-Zilbermann J, et al. ; IMPAACT P1065 Protocol Team. Phase I/II, open-label trial of safety and immunogenicity of meningococcal (groups A, C, Y, and W-135) polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29:391–396
    1. Lujan-Zilbermann J, Warshaw MG, Williams PL, et al. ; International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Group P1065 Protocol Team. Immunogenicity and safety of 1 vs. 2 doses of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine in youth infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr 2012;161:676–81.e2.
    1. Siberry GK, Warshaw MG, Williams PL, et al. ; IMPAACT P1065 Protocol Team. Safety and immunogenicity of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine in 2- to 10-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012;31:47–52
    1. Kramer JM, LaRussa P, Tsai WC, Carney P, Leber SM, Gahagan S, Steinberg S, Blackwood RA. Disseminated vaccine strain varicella as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining illness in a previously undiagnosed child. Pediatrics 2001;108:E39.
    1. Veenstra J, van Praag RM, Krol A, et al. . Complications of varicella zoster virus reactivation in HIV-infected homosexual men. AIDS 1996;10:393–399
    1. Gebo KA, Kalyani R, Moore RD, Polydefkis MJ. The incidence of, risk factors for, and sequelae of herpes zoster among HIV patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;40:169–174
    1. Wallace MR, Hooper DG, Pyne JM, Graves SJ, Malone JL. Varicella immunity and clinical disease in HIV-infected adults. South Med J 1994;87:74–76
    1. Son M, Shapiro ED, LaRussa P, et al. . Effectiveness of varicella vaccine in children infected with HIV. J Infect Dis 2010;201:1806–1810
    1. Levin MJ, Gershon AA, Weinberg A, et al. . Immunization of HIV-infected children with varicella vaccine. J Pediatr 2001;139:305–310
    1. Wood SM, Shah SS, Steenhoff AP, Rutstein RM. Primary varicella and herpes zoster among HIV-infected children from 1989 to 2006. Pediatrics 2008;121:e150–e156
    1. Levin MJ, Gershon AA, Weinberg A, Song LY, Fentin T, Nowak B. Administration of live varicella vaccine to HIV-infected children with current or past significant depression of CD4(+) T cells. J Infect Dis 2006;194:247–255
    1. Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. ; Shingles Prevention Study Group. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2271–2284
    1. Benson CA, Hua L, Anderson JW, et al. . for the ACTG A5247 Team. Zostavax is generally safe and immunogenic in HIV+ adults virologically suppressed on ART: Results of a Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 19th CROI, 5–8March2012, Seattle. Oral abstract 96
    1. Parker Fiebelkorn A, Redd SB, Gallagher K, Rota PA, Rota J, Bellini W, Seward J. Measles in the United States during the postelimination era. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1520–1528
    1. Dayan GH, Quinlisk MP, Parker AA, et al. . Recent resurgence of mumps in the United States. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1580–1589
    1. Louie JK, Shaikh-Laskos R, Preas C, Nguyen VT, Peters A, Messenger S. Re-emergence of another vaccine-preventable disease? Two cases of rubella in older adults. J Clin Virol 2009;46:98–100
    1. Kaplan LJ, Daum RS, Smaron M, McCarthy CA. Severe measles in immunocompromised patients. JAMA 1992;267:1237–1241
    1. Wallace MR, Hooper DG, Graves SJ, Malone JL. Measles seroprevalence and vaccine response in HIV-infected adults. Vaccine 1994;12:1222–1224
    1. Kemper CA, Zolopa AR, Hamilton JR, Fenstersheib M, Bhatia G, Deresinski SC. Prevalence of measles antibodies in adults with HIV infection: Possible risk factors of measles seronegativity. AIDS 1992;6:1321–1325
    1. Sprauer MA, Markowitz LE, Nicholson JK, et al. . Response of human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults to measles-rubella vaccination. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:1013–1016
    1. Belaunzarán-Zamudio PF, García-León ML, Wong-Chew RM, et al. . Early loss of measles antibodies after MMR vaccine among HIV-infected adults receiving HAART. Vaccine 2009;27:7059–7064
    1. Angel JB, Walpita P, Lerch RA, et al. . Vaccine-associated measles pneumonitis in an adult with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:104–106
    1. No authors listed. Measles pneumonitis following measles-mumps-rubella vaccination of a patient with HIV infection, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996;45:603–606
    1. Aurpibul L, Puthanakit T, Sirisanthana T, Sirisanthana V. Response to measles, mumps, and rubella revaccination in HIV-infected children with immune recovery after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:637–642
    1. Abzug MJ, Qin M, Levin MJ, et al. ; International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Group P1024 and P1061s Protocol Teams. Immunogenicity, immunologic memory, and safety following measles revaccination in HIV-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2012;206:512–522
    1. Franco-Paredes C, Hidron A, Tellez I, Lesesne J, Del Rio C. HIV infection and travel: Pretravel recommendations and health-related risks. Top HIV Med 2009;17:2–11
    1. Website YB: (Last accessed March30, 2014)
    1. Ion-Nedelcu N, Dobrescu A, Strebel PM, Sutter RW. Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and HIV infection. Lancet 1994;343:51–52
    1. Vardinon N, Handsher R, Burke M, Zacut V, Yust I. Poliovirus vaccination responses in HIV-infected patients: Correlation with T4 cell counts. J Infect Dis 1990;162:238–241
    1. Veit O, Niedrig M, Chapuis-Taillard C, et al. . Immunogenicity and safety of yellow fever vaccination for 102 HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:659–666
    1. Sidibe M, Yactayo S, Kalle A, et al. . Immunogenicity and safety of yellow fever vaccine among 115 HIV-infected patients after a preventive immunisation campaign in Mali. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012;106:437–444
    1. Pistone T, Verdière CH, Receveur MC, Ezzedine K, Lafon ME, Malvy D. Immunogenicity and tolerability of yellow fever vaccination in 23 French HIV-infected patients. Curr HIV Res 2010;8:461–466
    1. Tattevin P, Depatureaux AG, Chapplain JM, Dupont M, Souala F, Arvieux C, Poveda JD, Michelet C. Yellow fever vaccine is safe and effective in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2004;18:825–827
    1. Kengsakul K, Sathirapongsasuti K, Punyagupta S. Fatal myeloencephalitis following yellow fever vaccination in a case with HIV infection. J Med Assoc Thai 2002;85:131–134
    1. Kroon FP, van Dissel JT, Ravensbergen E, Nibbering PH, van Furth R. Impaired antibody response after immunization of HIV-infected individuals with the polysaccharide vaccine against Salmonella typhi (Typhim-Vi). Vaccine 1999;17:2941–2945
    1. Crane HM, Dhanireddy S, Kim HN, Ramers C, Dellit TH, Kitahata MM, Harrington RD. Optimal timing of routine vaccination in HIV-infected persons. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2009;6:93–99
    1. Overton ET, Nurutdinova D, Sungkanuparph S, Seyfried W, Groger RK, Powderly WG. Predictors of immunity after hepatitis A vaccination in HIV-infected persons. J Viral Hepat 2007;14:189–193

Source: PubMed

Sponsorit ja yhteistyökumppanit

Sairaudet

Huumeiden interventiot

3
Tilaa