Effects of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides on oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases: pharmacological and therapeutic roles

Sun Hee Hyun, Kiran D Bhilare, Gyo In, Chae-Kyu Park, Jong-Hoon Kim, Sun Hee Hyun, Kiran D Bhilare, Gyo In, Chae-Kyu Park, Jong-Hoon Kim

Abstract

Traditionally, Asian ginseng or Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng has long been used in Korea and China to treat various diseases. The main active components of Panax ginseng is ginsenoside, which is known to have various pharmacological treatment effects such as antioxidant, vascular easing, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, and anticancer. Most reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause chronic diseases such as myocardial symptoms and cause fatal oxidative damage to cell membrane lipids and proteins. Therefore, many studies that inhibit the production of oxidative stress have been conducted in various fields of physiology, pathophysiology, medicine and health, and disease. Recently, ginseng or ginsenosides have been known to act as antioxidants in vitro and in vivo results, which have a beneficial effect on preventing cardiovascular disease. The current review aims to provide mechanisms and inform precious information on the effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on the prevention of oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease in animals and clinical trials.

Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Ginsenosides; Oxidative stress; Panax ginseng.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

© 2021 The Korean Society of Ginseng. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.

Figures

Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Molecular structures of protopanaxadiol (A) and protopanaxatriol (B) of ginsenosides.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Mechanisms of Ginseng in Protecting Heart. Notes: eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase, GLUT-4: glucose transporter-4, GS: ginseng total saponins, HB-EGF: heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor, ICa,R: R-type calcium channel current, ICa,L: L-type calcium channel current, IKr: rapidly activating component of rectifier K+ current, MAPK: mitogen activated protein kinase, IKs: slowly activating component, PI3K/Akt: phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, RyRs: ryanodine receptors, ROS: reactive oxygen species, SR: sarcoplasmic reticulum, STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, SN: S-nitrosylation of channel protein.

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