Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of cardiovascular functions

Muhammad Irfan, Yi-Seong Kwak, Chang-Kyun Han, Sun Hee Hyun, Man Hee Rhee, Muhammad Irfan, Yi-Seong Kwak, Chang-Kyun Han, Sun Hee Hyun, Man Hee Rhee

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are a rapidly growing epidemic with high morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need to develop nutraceutical-based therapy with minimum side effects to reduce cardiovascular risk. Panax ginseng occupies a prominent status in herbal medicine for its various therapeutic effects against inflammation, allergy, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer, with positive, beneficial, and restorative effects. The active components found in most P. ginseng varieties are known to include ginsenosides, polysaccharides, peptides, alkaloids, polyacetylene, and phenolic compounds, which are considered to be the main pharmacologically active constituents in ginseng. P. ginseng is an adaptogen. That is, it supports living organisms to maintain optimal homeostasis by exerting effects that counteract physiological changes caused by physical, chemical, or biological stressors. P. ginseng possesses immunomodulatory (including both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive), neuromodulatory, and cardioprotective effects; suppresses anxiety; and balances vascular tone. P. ginseng has an antihypertensive effect that has been explained by its vasorelaxant action, and paradoxically, it is also known to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction and help maintain cardiovascular health. Here, we discuss the potential adaptogenic effects of P. ginseng on the cardiovascular system and outline a future research perspective in this area.

Keywords: AD, Alzheimer's disease; APP, Amyloid precursor protein; Adaptogen; Akt, Protein kinase B; Aβ, Amyloid-beta; CVD, Cardiovascular disease; Cardioprotective; Ginsenoside; NO, Nitric oxide; PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; Panax ginseng; Vascular endothelium; cGMP, Cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate; eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Conflict of interest statement

All authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

© 2020 The Korean Society of Ginseng. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Effect of P. ginseng and ginsenosides on vascular endothelial cells.

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