Effect of a solar lighting intervention on fuel-based lighting use and exposure to household air pollution in rural Uganda: A randomized controlled trial

Eli S Wallach, Nicholas L Lam, Edwin Nuwagira, Daniel Muyanja, Mellon Tayebwa, Linda Valeri, Alexander C Tsai, Jose Vallarino, Joseph G Allen, Peggy S Lai, Eli S Wallach, Nicholas L Lam, Edwin Nuwagira, Daniel Muyanja, Mellon Tayebwa, Linda Valeri, Alexander C Tsai, Jose Vallarino, Joseph G Allen, Peggy S Lai

Abstract

Solar lighting is an alternative to polluting kerosene and other fuel-based lighting devices relied upon by millions of families in resource-limited settings. Whether solar lighting provides sustained displacement of fuel-based lighting sources and reductions in personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2 .5 ) and black carbon (BC) has not been examined in randomized controlled trials. Eighty adult women living in rural Uganda who utilized fuel-based (candles and kerosene lamps) and/or clean (solar, grid, and battery-powered devices) lighting were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive a home solar lighting system at no cost to study participants (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03351504). Among intervention group participants, kerosene lamps were completely displaced in 92% of households using them. The intervention led to an average exposure reduction of 36.1 μg/m3 (95% CI -70.3 to -2.0) in PM2 .5 and 10.8 μg/m3 (95% CI -17.6 to -4.1) in BC, corresponding to a reduction from baseline of 37% and 91%, respectively. Reductions were greatest among participants using kerosene lamps. Displacement of kerosene lamps and personal exposure reductions were sustained over 12 months of follow-up. Solar lighting presents an immediate opportunity for achieving sustained reductions in personal exposure to PM2.5 and BC and should be considered in household air pollution intervention packages.

Keywords: black carbon; energy access; fine particulate matter (PM2.5); household air pollution; kerosene; lighting; solar home system.