A cluster randomized trial of delivery of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy at the community level in Malawi

Beth L Rubenstein, Jobiba Chinkhumba, Ethel Chilima, Collins Kwizombe, Ashley Malpass, Shelby Cash, Katherine Wright, Peter Troell, Humphrey Nsona, Fannie Kachale, Doreen Ali, Evans Kaunda, Sosten Lankhulani, Michael Kayange, Don P Mathanga, John Munthali, Julie R Gutman, Beth L Rubenstein, Jobiba Chinkhumba, Ethel Chilima, Collins Kwizombe, Ashley Malpass, Shelby Cash, Katherine Wright, Peter Troell, Humphrey Nsona, Fannie Kachale, Doreen Ali, Evans Kaunda, Sosten Lankhulani, Michael Kayange, Don P Mathanga, John Munthali, Julie R Gutman

Abstract

Background: Malaria in pregnancy doubles the risk of low birthweight; up to 11% of all neonatal deaths in sub-Saharan Africa are associated with malaria in pregnancy. To prevent these and other adverse health consequences, the World Health Organization recommends administering intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for all pregnant women at each antenatal care (ANC) visit, starting as early as possible in the second trimester. The target is for countries to administer a minimum of three doses (IPTp3+) to at least 85% of pregnant women.

Methods: A cluster randomized, controlled trial was conducted to assess the effect of delivery of IPTp by community health workers on the coverage of IPTp3 + and ANC visits in Malawi. Community delivery of IPTp was implemented within two districts in Malawi over a 21-month period, from November 2018 to July 2020. In control sites, IPTp was delivered at health facilities. Representative samples of women who delivered in the prior 12 months were surveyed at baseline (n = 370, December 2017) and endline (n = 687, August 2020). A difference in differences analysis was conducted to assess the change in coverage of IPTp and ANC over time, accounting for clustering at the health facility level.

Results: Overall IPTp coverage increased over the study period. At baseline, women received a mean of 2.3 IPTp doses (range 0-5 doses) across both arms, and at endline, women received a mean of 2.8 doses (range 0-9 doses). Despite overall increases, the change in IPTp3 + coverage was not significantly different between intervention and control groups (6.9%, 95% CI: -5.9%, 19.6%). ANC4 + coverage increased significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group, with a difference-in-differences of 25.3% points (95% CI: 1.3%, 49.3%).

Conclusions: In order to reduce the burden of malaria in pregnancy, new strategies are needed to improve uptake of effective interventions such as IPTp. While community health workers' delivery of IPTp did not increase uptake in this study, they may be effective in other settings or circumstances. Further research can help identify the health systems characteristics that are conducive to community delivery of IPTp and the operational requirements for effective implementation.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03376217. Registered December 6, 2017, https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT03376217 .

Keywords: Community Health Workers; Intermittent preventive treatment; Malaria; Malawi; Pregnancy; Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.

Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Map of the surveyed districts highlighting the location of included health facilities
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Source for intermittent preventative treatment for malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) as reported by women in the intervention arm, endline only (N = 343). CHW community health worker
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Source for intermittent preventative treatment for malaria in pregnancy (IPTp), January 2019 to July 2020, routine service data. ANC antenatal care, CHW community health worker
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Frequency of community health worker (CHW) visits with pregnant women by visit number, January 2019 to July 2020

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Source: PubMed

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