Peripheral Demyelinating Diseases: From Biology to Translational Medicine

Khidhir Kamil, Muhammad Dain Yazid, Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus, Srijit Das, Jaya Kumar, Khidhir Kamil, Muhammad Dain Yazid, Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus, Srijit Das, Jaya Kumar

Abstract

Demyelinating diseases represent a spectrum of disorders that impose significant burden on global economy and society. Generally, the prognosis of these diseases is poor and there is no available cure. In recent decades, research has shed some light on the biology and physiology of Schwann cells and its neuroprotective effects in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Insults to the PNS by various infectious agents, genetic predisposition and immune-related mechanisms jeopardize Schwann cell functions and cause demyelination. To date, there are no effective and reliable biomarkers for PNS-related diseases. Here, we aim to review the following: pathogenesis of various types of peripheral demyelinating diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy, Anti-Myelin Associated Glycoprotein Neuropathy, POEMS syndrome, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; emerging novel biomarkers for peripheral demyelinating diseases, and Schwann cell associated markers for demyelination.

Keywords: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; Guillain-Barre syndrome; POEMS syndrome; anti-MAG neuropathy; biomarker; chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy; peripheral demyelinating disease; schwann cell.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Demyelination and released of myelin associated protein. PMP22, peripheral myelin protein 22; P0, myelin protein zero; MBP, myelin basic protein; P2, myelin protein 2.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) Structure of myelin sheath of Schwann cell around axon under electron microscope. (B) Compact myelin that consist of major dense line and intraperiod line. NCM, non-compact myelin; CM, compact myelin; SC, Schwann cell; MDL, major dense line; IPL, intraperiod line; P0, myelin protein zero; MBP, myelin basic protein; PMP22, peripheral myelin protein 22.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Anatomical compartment of the node of Ranvier and myelin.

References

    1. Mehndiratta M, Gulati N. Central and peripheral demyelination. J Neurosci Rural Pract. (2014) 5:84. 10.4103/0976-3147.127887
    1. Sejvar JJ, Baughman AL, Wise M, Morgan OW. Population incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. (2011) 36:123–33. 10.1159/000324710
    1. Hafsteinsdottir B, Olafsson E. Incidence and natural history of idiopathic chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: a population-based study in Iceland. Eur Neurol. (2016) 75:263–8. 10.1159/000445884
    1. Saporta AS, Sottile SL, Miller LJ, Feely SM, Siskind CE, Shy ME. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease subtypes and genetic testing strategies. Ann Neurol. (2011) 69:22–33. 10.1002/ana.22166
    1. Yuki N. Molecular mimicry and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Brain Nerve. (2015) 67:1341–6. 10.11477/mf.1416200304
    1. Soliven B. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy In: Roos RP, Editor-in-Chief. MedLink Neurology. San Diego, CA: MedLink Corporation; Available online at: (Accessed July 24, 2017).
    1. Mathis S, Magy L, Vallat JM. Therapeutic options in Charcot–Marie–Tooth diseases. Expert Rev Neurother. (2015) 15:355–66. 10.1586/14737175.2015.1017471
    1. Kumar J, Teoh SL, Das S, Mahakknaukrauh P. Oxidative stress in oral diseases: understanding its relation with other systemic diseases. Front Physiol. (2017) 8:693. 10.3389/fphys.2017.00693
    1. O'sullivan SA, Velasco-Estevez M, Dev KK. Demyelination induced by oxidative stress is regulated by sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. Glia. (2017) 65:1119–36. 10.1002/glia.23148
    1. Jessen KR, Mirsky R. The origin and development of glial cells in peripheral nerves. Nat Rev Neurosci. (2005) 6:671–82. 10.1038/nrn1746
    1. Salzer JL. Schwann cell myelination. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. (2015) 7:a020529. 10.1101/cshperspect.a020529
    1. Woodhoo A, Sommer L. Development of the Schwann cell lineage: from the neural crest to the myelinated nerve. Glia. (2008) 56:1481–90. 10.1002/glia.20723
    1. Morell P, Quarles RH. Myelin formation, structure and biochemistry. In: Siegel GJ. editor. Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects, 6th ed. Lippincott-Raven (1999).
    1. Stangel M, Hartung HP. Remyelinating strategies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Prog Neurobiol. (2002) 68:361–76. 10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00105-3
    1. Love S. Demyelinating diseases. J Clin Pathol. (2006) 59:1151–9. 10.1136/jcp.2005.031195
    1. Willison HJ, Jacobs BC, Van Doorn PA. Guillain-barre syndrome. Lancet. (2016) 388:717–27. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00339-1
    1. Sejvar JJ, Kohl KS, Gidudu J, Amato A, Bakshi N, Baxter R, et al. . Guillain-Barré syndrome and Fisher syndrome: case definitions and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine. (2011) 29:599–612. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.003
    1. Jasti AK, Selmi C, Sarmiento-Monroy JC, Vega DA, Anaya JM, Gershwin ME. Guillain-Barré syndrome: causes, immunopathogenic mechanisms and treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. (2016) 12:1175–89. 10.1080/1744666X.2016.1193006
    1. Walling AD, Dickson G. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Am Fam Physician. (2013) 87:191–7.
    1. Lehmann HC, Hughes RA, Kieseier BC, Hartung HP. Recent developments and future directions in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Peripher Nerv Syst. (2012) 17:57–70. 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00433.x
    1. Meyer Sauteur PM, Huizinga R, Tio-Gillen AP, Roodbol J, Hoogenboezem T, Jacobs E, et al. . Mycoplasma pneumoniae triggering the Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case-control study. Ann Neurol. (2016) 80:566–580. 10.1002/ana.24755
    1. Orlikowski D, Porcher R, Sivadon-Tardy V, Quincampoix JC, Raphaël JC, Durand MC, et al. . Guillain–Barré syndrome following primary cytomegalovirus infection: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. (2011) 52:837–44. 10.1093/cid/cir074
    1. Islam B, Islam Z, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Jahan I, Endtz HP, Mohammad QD, et al. . Guillain-Barré syndrome following varicella-zoster virus infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. (2018) 37:511–8. 10.1007/s10096-018-3199-5
    1. Tam CC, O'Brien SJ, Petersen I, Islam A, Hayward A, Rodrigues LC. Guillain-Barré syndrome and preceding infection with campylobacter, influenza and Epstein-Barr virus in the general practice research database. PLoS ONE. (2007) 2:e344. 10.1371/journal.pone.0000344
    1. Willison HJ, O'Hanlon GM. The immunopathogenesis of Miller Fisher syndrome. J Neuroimmunol. (1999) 100:3–12. 10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00213-1
    1. Willison HJ, Yuki N. Peripheral neuropathies and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain. (2002) 125:2591–625. 10.1093/brain/awf272
    1. Nakano Y, Kanda T. Pathology of Guillain–barré syndrome. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol. (2016) 7:312–9. 10.1111/cen3.12342
    1. Raschetti R, Maggini M, Popoli P, Caffari B, Da Cas R, Menniti-Ippolito F, et al. . Gangliosides and Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Clin Epidemiol. (1995) 48:1399–405. 10.1016/0895-4356(95)00557-9
    1. Lonigro A, Devaux J. Disruption of neurofascin and gliomedin at nodes of Ranvier precedes demyelination in experimental allergic neuritis. Brain. (2009) 132:260–73. 10.1093/brain/awn281
    1. Durand MC, Porcher R, Orlikowski D, Aboab J, Devaux C, Clair B, et al. . Clinical and electrophysiological predictors of respiratory failure in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol. (2006) 5:1021–8. 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70603-2
    1. Flachenecker P. Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. (2007) 254:II96–II101. 10.1007/s00415-007-2024-3
    1. Yuki N, Hartung HP. Guillain–Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med. (2012) 366:2294–304. 10.1056/NEJMra1114525
    1. Van Doorn PA, Ruts L, Jacobs BC. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet Neurol. (2008) 7:939–50. 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70215-1
    1. González-Suárez I, Sanz-Gallego I, de Rivera FJR, Arpa J. Guillain-Barré syndrome: natural history and prognostic factors: a retrospective review of 106 cases. BMC Neurol. (2013) 13:95. 10.1186/1471-2377-13-95
    1. Ansar V, Valadi N. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Primary Care Clin Office Pract. (2015) 42:189–93. 10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.001
    1. Lewis RA. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Neurol Clin. (2007) 25:71–87. 10.1016/j.ncl.2006.11.003
    1. Köller H, Kieseier BC, Jander S, Hartung HP. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. N Engl J Med. (2005) 352:1343–56. 10.1056/NEJMra041347
    1. Peltier AC, Donofrio PD. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: from bench to bedside. Semin Neurol. (2012) 32:187–95. 10.1055/s-0032-1329194
    1. Laughlin RS, Dyck PJ, Melton LJ, III, Leibson C, Ransom J, Dyck PJ. Incidence and prevalence of CIDP and the association of diabetes mellitus. Neurology. (2009) 73:39–45 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181aaea47
    1. Miura Y, Devaux JJ, Fukami Y, Manso C, Belghazi M, Wong AHY, et al. . Contactin 1 IgG4 associates to chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with sensory ataxia. Brain. (2015) 138:1484–91. 10.1093/brain/awv054
    1. Devaux JJ, Miura Y, Fukami Y, Inoue T, Manso C, Belghazi M, et al. Neurofascin-155 IgG4 in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Neurology. (2016) 10:1212 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002418
    1. Boyle ME, Berglund EO, Murai KK, Weber L, Peles E, Ranscht B. Contactin orchestrates assembly of the septate-like junctions at the paranode in myelinated peripheral nerve. Neuron. (2001) 30:385–97. 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00296-3
    1. Dyck PJ, O'Brien PC, Oviatt KF, Dinapoli RP, Daube JR, Bartleson JD, et al. . Prednisone improves chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy more than no treatment. Ann Neurol. (1982) 11:136–41. 10.1002/ana.410110205
    1. Herrendorff R, Hänggi P, Pfister H, Yang F, Demeestere D, Hunziker F, et al. . Selective in vivo removal of pathogenic anti-MAG autoantibodies, an antigen- specific treatment option for anti-MAG neuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2017) 114:E3689–98. 10.1073/pnas.1619386114
    1. Quarles RH. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG): past, present and beyond. J Neurochem. (2007) 100:1431–48. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04319.x
    1. Tatum AH. Experimental paraprotein neuropathy, demyelination by passive transfer of human IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein. Ann Neurol. (1993) 33:502–6. 10.1002/ana.410330514
    1. Rison RA, Beydoun SR. Paraproteinemic neuropathy: a practical review. BMC Neurol. (2016) 16:13. 10.1186/s12883-016-0532-4
    1. Dalakas MC. Pathogenesis and treatment of anti-MAG neuropathy. Curr Treat Opt Neurol. (2010) 12:71–83. 10.1007/s11940-010-0065-x
    1. Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA. Treatment options for POEMS syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother. (2005) 6:945–53. 10.1517/14656566.6.6.945
    1. Dispenzieri A. POEMS syndrome: update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. (2015) 90:951–62. 10.1002/ajh.24171
    1. Scarlato M, Previtali SC, Carpo M, Pareyson D, Briani C, Del Bo R, et al. . Polyneuropathy in POEMS syndrome: role of angiogenic factors in the pathogenesis. Brain. (2005) 128:1911–20. 10.1093/brain/awh519
    1. Soubrier MJ, Dubost JJ, Sauvezie BJ. POEMS syndrome: a study of 25 cases and a review of the literature. Am. J. Med. (1994) 97:543–53. 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90350-6
    1. Jani-Acsadi A, Krajewski K, Shy ME. Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies: diagnosis and management. Semin Neurol. (2008) 28:185–94. 10.1055/s-2008-1062264
    1. Patzkó Á, Shy ME. Update on Charcot-Marie-tooth disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. (2011) 11:78–88. 10.1007/s11910-010-0158-7
    1. DiVincenzo C, Elzinga CD, Medeiros AC, Karbassi I, Jones JR, Evans MC, et al. . The allelic spectrum of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease in over 17,000 individuals with neuropathy. Mol Genet Genomic Med. (2014) 2:522–9. 10.1002/mgg3.106
    1. Raeymaekers P, Timmerman V, Nelis E, De Jonghe P, Hoogenduk JE, Baas F, et al. . Duplication in chromosome 17p11. 2 in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1a (CMT 1a). Neuromuscular Disord. (1991) 1:93–7. 10.1016/0960-8966(91)90055-W
    1. Pennuto M, Tinelli E, Malaguti M, Del Carro U, D'Antonio M, Ron D, et al. . Ablation of the UPR-mediator CHOP restores motor function and reduces demyelination in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1B mice. Neuron. (2008) 57:393–405. 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.021
    1. de Brito OM, Scorrano L. Mitofusin 2 tethers endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria. Nature. (2008) 456:605. 10.1038/nature07534
    1. Kamil K, Kumar J, Yazid MD, Idrus RBH. Olive and its phenolic compound as the promising neuroprotective agent. Sains Malays. (2018) 47:2811–20. 10.17576/jsm-2018-4711-24
    1. Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Atkinson Jr AJ, Colburn WA, DeGruttola VG, DeMets DL, Downing GJ, et al. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Therap. (2001) 69:89–95. 10.1067/mcp.2001.113989
    1. Ozdemir HH. Analysis of the albumin level, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-lymphocyte ratio in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. (2016) 74:718–22. 10.1590/0004-282X20160132
    1. Sahin S, Cinar N, Karsidag S. Are cerebrospinal fluid protein levels and plasma neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio associated with prognosis of Guillain Barré syndrome. Neurol. Int. (2017) 9:7032. 10.4081/ni.2017.7032
    1. Huang Y, Ying Z, Quan W, Xiang W, Xie D, Weng Y, et al. . The clinical significance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Int J Neurosci. (2018) 128:729–35. 10.1080/00207454.2017.1418342
    1. Yamagishi Y, Suzuki H, Sonoo M, Kuwabara S, Yokota T, Nomura K, et al. . Markers for Guillain-Barré syndrome with poor prognosis: a multi-center study. J Peripher Nerv Syst. (2017) 22:433–9. 10.1111/jns.12234
    1. Mateos-Hernández L, Villar M, Doncel-Pérez E, Trevisan-Herraz M, García-Forcada Á, Ganuza FR, et al. . Quantitative proteomics reveals Piccolo as a candidate serological correlate of recovery from Guillain-Barré syndrome. Oncotarget. (2016) 7:74582. 10.18632/oncotarget.12789
    1. Nakane S, Higuchi O, Hamada Y, Maeda Y, Mukaino A, Sakai W, et al. . Ganglionic acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neuroimmunol. (2016) 295:54–9. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.04.012
    1. Querol L, Siles AM, Alba-Rovira R, Jáuregui A, Devaux J, Faivre-Sarrailh C, et al. . Antibodies against peripheral nerve antigens in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Sci Rep. (2017) 7:14411. 10.1038/s41598-017-14853-4
    1. Wong AHY, Fukami Y, Sudo M, Kokubun N, Hamada S, Yuki N. Sialylated IgG-Fc: a novel biomarker of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. (2015) 87:275–9. 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309964
    1. Dalakas MC. Advances in the diagnosis, immunopathogenesis and therapies of IgM-anti-MAG antibody-mediated neuropathies. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. (2018) 11:1756285617746640. 10.1177/1756285617746640
    1. Altinier S, Proko K, Zaninotto M, Ciubotaru D, Seguso M, Varagnolo M, et al. . Free light chains and heavy/light chains in monitoring POEMS patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. (2016) 54:1065–71. 10.1515/cclm-2015-0910
    1. Wang Y, Sun S, Zhu J, Cui L, Zhang HL. Biomarkers of Guillain-Barré syndrome: some recent progress, more still to be explored. Mediators Inflamm. (2015) 2015:564098. 10.1155/2015/564098
    1. Vernino S, Low PA, Fealey RD, Stewart JD, Farrugia G, Lennon VA. Autoantibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in autoimmune autonomic neuropathies. N Engl J Med. (2000) 343:847–55. 10.1056/NEJM200009213431204
    1. Tumani H, Pfeifle M, Lehmensiek V, Rau D, Mogel H, Ludolph AC, et al. . Candidate biomarkers of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP): proteome analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. J Neuroimmunol. (2009) 214:109–12. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.06.012
    1. Latov N, Braun PE, Gross RB, Sherman WH, Penn AS, Chess L. Plasma cell dyscrasia and peripheral neuropathy: identification of the myelin antigens that react with human paraproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (1981) 78:7139–42. 10.1073/pnas.78.11.7139
    1. Daune GC, Farrer RG, Dalakas MC, Quarles RH. Sensory neuropathy associated with monoclonal immunoglobulin M to GD1b ganglioside. Ann Neurol. (1992) 31:683–5. 10.1002/ana.410310621
    1. Quarles RH, Dalakas MC. Do anti-ganglioside antibodies cause human peripheral neuropathies? J Clin Invest. (1996) 97:1136–7. 10.1172/JCI118526
    1. Galassi G, Tondelli M, Ariatti A, Benuzzi F, Nichelli P, Valzania F. Long-term disability and prognostic factors in polyneuropathy associated with anti-myelin- associated glycoprotein (MAG) antibodies. Int J Neurosci. (2017) 127:439–47. 10.1080/00207454.2016.1191013
    1. Misawa S, Sato Y, Katayama K, Hanaoka H, Sawai S, Beppu M, et al. . Vascular endothelial growth factor as a predictive marker for POEMS syndrome treatment response: retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. (2015) 5:e009157. 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009157
    1. Ilyas AA, Willison HJ, Quarles RH, Jungalwala FB, Cornblath DR, Trapp BD, et al. . Serum antibodies to gangliosides in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. (1988) 23:440–7. 10.1002/ana.410230503
    1. Ilyas AA, Mithen FA, Dalakas MC, Chen ZW, Cook SD. Antibodies to acidic glycolipids in Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neurol Sci. (1992) 107:111–21. 10.1016/0022-510X(92)90217-9
    1. Kaida K, Morita D, Kanzaki M, Kamakura K, Motoyoshi K, Hirakawa M., et al. . Anti-ganglioside complex antibodies associated with severe disability in GBS. J Neuroimmunol. (2007) 182:212–8. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.09.013
    1. Nakos G, Tziakou E, Maneta-Peyret L, Nassis C, Lekka ME. Anti- phospholipid antibodies in serum from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Intensive Care Med. (2005) 31:1401–8. 10.1007/s00134-005-2736-8
    1. Capodivento G, Visigalli D, Garnero M, Fancellu R, Ferrara MD, Basit A, et al. . Sphingomyelin as a myelin biomarker in CSF of acquired demyelinating neuropathies. Sci Rep. (2017) 7:7831. 10.1038/s41598-017-08314-1
    1. Khalili-Shirazi A, Atkinson P, Gregson N, Hughes RAC. Antibody responses to P0 and P2 myelin proteins in Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neuroimmunol. (1993) 46:245–51. 10.1016/0165-5728(93)90255-W
    1. Melendez-Vasquez C, Redford J, Choudhary PP, Gray IA, Maitland P, Gregson NA, et al. . Immunological investigation of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neuroimmunol. (1997) 73:124–34. 10.1016/S0165-5728(96)00189-0
    1. Yan WX, Archelos JJ, Hartung HP, Pollard JD. P0 protein is a target antigen in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Ann Neurol. (2001) 50:286–92. 10.1002/ana.1129
    1. Kwa MSG, Van Schaik IN, Brand A, Baas F, Vermeulen M. Investigation of serum response to PMP22, connexin 32 and P0 in inflammatory neuropathies. J Neuroimmunol. (2001) 116:220–5. 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00307-1
    1. Allen D, Giannopoulos K, Gray I, Gregson N, Makowska A, Pritchard J, et al. . Antibodies to peripheral nerve myelin proteins in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst. (2005) 10:174–80. 10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.0010207.x
    1. Inglis HR, Csurhes PA, McCombe PA. Antibody responses to peptides of peripheral nerve myelin proteins P0 and P2 in patients with inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. (2007) 78:419–22. 10.1136/jnnp.2006.106617
    1. Makowska A, Pritchard J, Sanvito L, Gregson N, Peakman M, Hayday A, et al. . Immune responses to myelin proteins in Guillain–Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. (2008) 79:664–71. 10.1136/jnnp.2007.123943
    1. Ritz MF, Lechner-Scott J, Scott RJ, Fuhr P, Malik N, Erne B, et al. Characterisation of autoantibodies to peripheral myelin protein 22 in patients with hereditary and acquired neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst. (2000) 5:239–9. 10.1046/j.1529-8027.2000.00022-13.x
    1. Gabriel CM, Gregson NA, Hughes RAC. Anti-PMP22 antibodies in patients with inflammatory neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst. (2000) 5:239–9. 10.1046/j.1529-8027.2000.00022-12.x
    1. Cifuentes-Diaz C, Dubourg O, Irinopoulou T, Vigny M, Lachkar S, Decker L, et al. . Nodes of ranvier and paranodes in chronic acquired neuropathies. PLoS ONE. (2011) 6:e14533. 10.1371/journal.pone.0014533
    1. Devaux JJ, Odaka M, Yuki N. Nodal proteins are target antigens in Guillain- Barré syndrome. J Peripher Nerv Syst. (2012) 17:62–71. 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00372.x
    1. Niezgoda A, Michalak S, Losy J, Kalinowska-Łyszczarz A, Kozubski W. sNCAM as a specific marker of peripheral demyelination. Immunol Lett. (2017) 185:93–7. 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.03.011
    1. Paparounas K. Anti-GQ1b ganglioside antibody in peripheral nervous system disorders: pathophysiologic role and clinical relevance. Arch Neurol. (2004) 6:1013–6. 10.1001/archneur.61.7.1013
    1. Lemke G, Axel R. Isolation and sequence of a cDNA encoding the major structural protein of peripheral myelin. Cell. (1985) 40:501–8. 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90198-9
    1. Giese KP, Martini R, Lemke G, Soriano P, Schachner M. Mouse P0 gene disruption leads to hypomyelination, abnormal expression of recognition molecules, and degeneration of myelin and axons. Cell. (1992) 71:565–76. 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90591-Y
    1. Uyemura K, Yoshimura K, Suzuki M, Kitamura K. Lipid binding activities of the P2 protein in peripheral nerve myelin. Neurochem Res. (1984) 9:1509–14. 10.1007/BF00964676
    1. Quarles RH. Myelin sheaths: Glycoproteins involved in their formation, maintenance and degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci. (2002) 59:1851–71. 10.1007/PL00012510
    1. Rasband MN, Macklin WB. Myelin structure and biochemistry. In: Brady ST, Albers RW, Siegel GJ, Price DL. editors. Basic Neurochemistry, 8th ed. Waltham, MA: Academic Press; (2012). p. 180–99. 10.1016/B978-0-12-374947-5.00010
    1. Snipes GJ, Suter U. Molecular anatomy and genetics of myelin proteins in peripheral nervous system. J Anat. (1995) 186:483–94.
    1. Lim JP, Devaux J, Yuki N. Peripheral nerve proteins as potential autoantigens in acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies. Autoimmun Rev. (2014) 13:1070–8. 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.005
    1. Devaux JJ. Antibodies to gliomedin cause peripheral demyelinating neuropathy and the dismantling of the nodes of Ranvier. Am J Pathol. (2012) 181:1402–13. 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.034

Source: PubMed

Sponsorit ja yhteistyökumppanit

Sairaudet

Huumeiden interventiot

3
Tilaa