Effect of Epidemic Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Fan Yang, Can Liu, Xu Liu, Xiandu Pan, Xinye Li, Li Tian, Jiahao Sun, Shengjie Yang, Ran Zhao, Na An, Xinyu Yang, Yonghong Gao, Yanwei Xing, Fan Yang, Can Liu, Xu Liu, Xiandu Pan, Xinye Li, Li Tian, Jiahao Sun, Shengjie Yang, Ran Zhao, Na An, Xinyu Yang, Yonghong Gao, Yanwei Xing

Abstract

Intermittent fasting (IF) has gained attention as a promising diet for weight loss and dysmetabolic diseases management. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of IF on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs). A systematic literature search was carried out using three electronic databases, namely PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, until October 2020. Randomized controlled trials that compared the IF intervention with a control group diet were included. Fourteen effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) using a fixed-effects model and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Compared to the ones within control groups, participants exposed to the IF intervention reduced their body weight (WMD, -1.78 kg; 95% CI, -2.21 to -1.35; p <0.05), waist circumference (WMD, -1.19 cm; 95% CI, -1.8 to -0.57; p <0.05), fat mass (WMD, -1.26 kg; 95% CI, -1.57 to -0.95; p <0.05), body mass index (WMD, -0.58 kg/m2; 95% CI, -0.8 to -0.37; p <0.05), systolic blood pressure (WMD, -2.14 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.54 to -0.73; p <0.05), diastolic blood pressure (WMD: -1.38 mmHg, 95% CI, -2.35 to -0.41, p <0.05), fasting blood glucose (WMD: -0.053 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.105 to 0.001; p <0.05), fasting insulin (WMD, -0.8 mIU/L; 95% CI, -1.15 to -0.44; p <0.05), insulin resistance (WMD, -0.21; 95% CI, -0.36 to -0.05; p <0.05), total cholesterol (WMD, -0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.17 to -0.02; p <0.05), and triglycerides (WMD, -0.09 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.04; p <0.05). No effects were observed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or glycosylated hemoglobin. This meta-analysis supports the role of IF in improving the component composition of CMRFs, including weight, waist circumference, fat mass, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance, compared to a control group diet. Further research on IF interventions should take into account long-term and well-designed administration to draw definitive conclusions.

Keywords: blood lipid; blood pressure; cardiometabolic risk factors; fasting blood glucose; intermittent fasting; meta-analysis; weight loss.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Yang, Liu, Liu, Pan, Li, Tian, Sun, Yang, Zhao, An, Yang, Gao and Xing.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schema of the search strategy.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Risk-of-bias assessment of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot of RCTs investigating the effects of intermittent fasting on body composition (A) Weight, (B) WC, (C) FM, (D) BMI.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Funnel plot displaying no publication bias in the studies reporting the impact of intermittent fasting on body composition (A) Weight, (B) WC, (C) FM, (D) BMI.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest plot of RCTs investigating the effects of intermittent fasting on glycemic control (A) FBG, (B) Fins, (C) HbA1c, (D) HOMA-IR.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Funnel plot displaying no publication bias in the studies reporting the impact of intermittent fasting on glycemic control (A) FBG, (B) Fins, (C) HbA1c, (D) HOMA-IR.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Forest plot of RCTs investigating the effects of intermittent fasting on blood pressure (A) SBP and (B) DBP.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Funnel plot displaying no publication bias in the studies reporting the impact of intermittent fasting on blood pressure (A) SBP and (B) DBP.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Forest plot of RCTs investigating the effects of intermittent fasting on lipid panel (A) TC, (B) TG, (C) LDL-C, (D) HDL-C.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Funnel plot displaying no publication bias in the studies reporting the impact of intermittent fasting on lipid panel (A) TC, (B) TG, (C) LDL-C, (D) HDL-C.

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