Metformin versus insulin for gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis

Abstract

The aim of the present meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy and safety of metformin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We searched databases, including PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing metformin and insulin treatments in women with GDM. We carried out statistical analyses using RevMan 2011 and used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations profiler to rate the quality of evidence of the primary outcomes. We analysed eight studies involving 1592 subjects. Meta-analysis of the RCTs showed that metformin had statistically significant effects on pregnancy-induced hypertension [PIH; risk ratio (RR) 0.54; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31, 0.91]. However, its effects on neonatal hypoglycaemia (RR 0.80; 95% CI 0.62, 1.02), rate of large-for-gestational age infants (RR 0.77; 95% CI 0.55, 1.08), respiratory distress syndrome (RR 1.26; 95% CI 0.67, 2.37), phototherapy (RR 0.94; 95% CI 0.67, 1.31) and perinatal death (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.11, 9.53) were not significant. Our analyses suggest that there is no clinically relevant difference in efficacy or safety between metformin and insulin; however, metformin may be a good choice for GDM because of the lower risk of PIH. The advantages of metformin in terms of glycaemic control, PIH incidence and gestational age at birth are unclear, and should be verified in further trials.

Keywords: gestational diabetes; insulin; metformin; randomized controlled trial.

© 2015 The British Pharmacological Society.

Figures

Figure 1

Study flow diagram

Figure 2

Summary of risk of bias for each included study. +, low risk of bias; ?, unknown risk of bias.

Figure 3

Forest plots of primary outcomes of meta-analysis. (A) Neonatal hypoglycaemia; (B) Large for gestational age (LGA); (C) Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS); (D) Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH); (E) Perinatal death. CI, confidence interval; IV, intravenous.