Oncoxin-Viusid® may improve quality of life and survival in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer undergoing onco-specific treatments

Mercedes Iveet Fundora Ramos, Lourdes Boulet Maden, Fernando Oriol Casanova, Frank Hernández Cruz, Carina Salgado Reyes, Adalberto Hernandez Gato, Israel Benítez Lyncon, Etna Vega González, Katia Palau Morales, Juan J Lence, Eduardo Sanz, Mercedes Iveet Fundora Ramos, Lourdes Boulet Maden, Fernando Oriol Casanova, Frank Hernández Cruz, Carina Salgado Reyes, Adalberto Hernandez Gato, Israel Benítez Lyncon, Etna Vega González, Katia Palau Morales, Juan J Lence, Eduardo Sanz

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to identify the efficacy and safety of Oncoxin-Viusid (OV) as a supportive treatment for patients with prostate cancer (PCA). A prospective, non-randomised, open-label phase II clinical trial, including 25 patients with hormone-refractory PCA (HRPC) was conducted at the Hospital Universitario General Calixto García (Havana, Cuba) between June 2017 and March 2018. Each of the patients received chemotherapy (CTX) and/or radiotherapy (RT) and OV treatment. Patients had a mean age of 73 years, clinical stage IV cancer and a high risk of relapse. Six cycles of CTX were completed by 80% of the patients, adverse reactions decreased and no weight loss was observed. Among the 25 patients, 5 were lost to follow-up and 4 died of disease progression. A total of 16 of these patients survived, of which 15 had an improved quality of life and 10 responded to treatment, with a significant reduction in pain and prostate symptoms and ≥50% reduction in baseline PSA. The progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 59% and the overall survival (OS) rate 64% at 1 year after treatment began. The OV nutritional supplement was effective, leading to a significant improvement in the patients' quality of life, good nutritional status and greater treatment tolerance. A clinical and humoral response was observed, with high survival rates and a delayed appearance of signs of disease progression. The present study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov PRS with ID #NCT03543670.

Keywords: Oncoxin-Viusid; hormone refractory; nutritional supplement; prostate cancer; treatment.

Copyright: © Fundora Ramos et al.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Adverse events. The RV between cycle 1 and the final cycle appears in parentheses. RV=V1-V2/V1 x100, with V1 being the initial value and V2 the end value. Blue corresponds to the first, orange to the sixth and gray to the final cycle. RV, relative variation.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Progression-free and overall survival rates using Kaplan-Meier analysis.

References

    1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69:7–34. doi: 10.3322/caac.21551.
    1. Center MM, Jemal A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Ward E, Ferlay J, Brawley O, Bray F. International variation in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. Eur Urol. 2012;61:1079–1092. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.02.054.
    1. Bell KJ, Del Mar C, Wright G, Dickinson J, Glasziou P. Prevalence of incidental prostate cancer: A systematic review of autopsy studies. Int J Cancer. 2015;137:1749–1757. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29538.
    1. Brawley OW. Prostate cancer epidemiology in the United States. World J Urol. 2012;30:195–200. doi: 10.1007/s00345-012-0824-2.
    1. Sanso JF, Soberate S, Alonso GP, Torres VRM. Mortality from cancer in Cuba. Revista Cubana de Salud publica. 2010;36:78–94.
    1. MINSAP: Dirección de registros médicos y estadísticas de salud. Anuario estadístico de salud. La Habana: 52-68, 2018 (In Spanish). Access date March 16, 2020.
    1. SEER database of epidemiological surveillance in the EEUU, 2008-2014. . Access date March 16, 2020.
    1. Mohler JL, Armstrong AJ, Bahnson RR, D'Amico AV, Davis BJ, Eastham JA, Enke CA, Farrington TA, Higano CS, Horwitz EM, et al. Prostate cancer, version 1.2016. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2016;14:19–30. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0004.
    1. European Association of Urology. Mottet N, Bellmunt J, Briers E, Bolla M, Bourke L, Cornford P, et al. Guidelines on Prostate Cancer, 2017. EAU Guidelines. ISBN 978-90-79754-91-5. . Access date March 16, 2020.
    1. Epstein JI, Egevad L, Amin MB, Delahunt B, Srigley JR, Humphrey PA. Grading Committee: The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP): Consensus conference on Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma: Definition of grading patterns and proposal for a new grading system. Am J Surg Pathol. 2016;40:244–252. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000530.
    1. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Bokland RK, Washington RK, Gershenwald JE, Compton CC, Hess KR, Sullivan DC et al, (eds). AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th ed. Springer International Publishing, Berlin, 2017.
    1. Devlin HL, Mudryj M. Progression of prostate cancer: Multiple pathways to androgen independence. Cancer Lett. 2009;274:177–186. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.06.007.
    1. Leibowitz-Amit R, Joshua AM. Targeting the androgen receptor in the management of castration-resistant prostate cancer: Rationale progress and future directions. Cur Oncol. 2012;19 (Suppl 3):S22–S31. doi: 10.3747/co.19.1281.
    1. Montgomery RB, Mostaghel EA, Vessella R, Hess DL, Kalhorn TF, Higano CS, True LD, Nelson PS. Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: A mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth. Cancer Res. 2008;68:4447–4454. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0249.
    1. Michaud JE, Billups KL, Partin AW. Testosterone and prostate cancer: An evidence-based review of pathogenesis and oncologic risk. Ther Adv Urol. 2015;7:378–387. doi: 10.1177/1756287215597633.
    1. Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, Horti J, Pluzanska A, Chi KN, Oudard S, Théodore C, James ND, Turesson I, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1502–1512. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa040720.
    1. Moro Soria A, Laborí Cardá C, López AB, Hernández JG. El cáncer de próstata resistente a castración. Mecanismos de progresión y nuevos tratamientos. Rev Cub Urol. 2012;1:106–122. (In Spanish)
    1. Oh B, Figtree G, Costa D, Eade T, Hruby G, Lim S, Elfiky A, Martine N, Rosenthal D, Clarke S, Back M. Oxidative stress in prostate cancer patients: A systematic review of case control studies. Prostate Int. 2016;4:71–87. doi: 10.1016/j.prnil.2016.05.002.
    1. Khandrika L, Kumar B, Koul S, Maroni P, Koul HK. Oxidative stress in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett. 2009;282:125–136. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.12.011.
    1. García Triana BE, Saldaña Bernabeu A, Saldaña García L. El estrés oxidativo y los antioxidantes en la prevención del cáncer. Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas. 2012;12:187–196. (In Spanish)
    1. Vallejo-Zamudio E, Rojas-Velásquez A, Torres-Bulgarin O. Una poderosa herramienta en la medicina preventiva del cáncer: Los antioxidantes. El Residente. 2017;12:104–111. (In Spanish)
    1. Singh K, Bhori M, Arfat Y, Bhat G, Marar T. Antioxidants as precision weapons in war against cancer chemotherapy induced toxicity. Exploring the armory of obscurity. Saudi Pharm J. 2018;26:177–190. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.12.013.
    1. Simone CB II, Simone NL, Simone V, Simone CB. Antioxidants and other nutrients do not interfere with chemotherapy or radiation therapy and can increase kill and increase survival, part 2. Altern Ther Health Med. 2007;13:40–47.
    1. González A, et al: Prevention and antitumor treatment. In: Antiviral and Others Degenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutical Laboratory Catalysis, S.L.(C/ Macarena 14, Madrid, CP 28016). January 2001. Scientific Department. Unpublished book. Available upon request to the laboratory.
    1. Eficacia en cáncer del Oncoxin+Viusid. Revista mundial de salud y medicina 176, 2014 (In Spanish). Access date March 16, 2020.
    1. Corte AM, Rodriguez E and Kobeleienky M: Prospective open study on safety and effectiveness of supplement on tumor L markers and quality of life in patients of cancer of the prostate. Rev Solidaridad. Argentina, 2013.
    1. Azzouni F, Mohler J. Biology of castration-recurrent prostate cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2012;39:435–520. doi: 10.1016/j.ucl.2012.07.002.
    1. Helfand BT, Catalon WJ. The epidemiology and clinical implications of genetic variation in prostate cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2014;41:277–297. doi: 10.1016/j.ucl.2014.01.001.
    1. Tomlins SA, Alshalalfa M, Davicioni E, Erho N, Yousefi K, Zhao S, Haddad Z, Den RB, Dicker AP, Trock BJ, et al. Characterization of 1577 primary prostate cancers reveals novel biological and clinic pathologic insights into molecular subtypes. Eur Urol. 2015;68:555–567. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.04.033.
    1. Klein EA, Cooperberg MR, Magi-Galluzzi C, Simko JP, Falzarano SM, Maddala T, Chan JM, Li J, Cowan JE, Tsiatis AC, et al. A 17-gene assay to predict prostate cancer aggressiveness in the context of Gleason grade heterogeneity, tumor multifocality, and biopsy undersampling. Eur Urol. 2014;66:550–560. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.05.004.
    1. Correa Zaporta D. Characterization of patients with prostate cancer. Two consultories. Reyna Polyclinic. Thesis General Integral Medicine Specialty 2016-2017 (not publishable). General Calixto García University. Avenida Universidad y J Plaza, Ciudad de la Havana, CP10400, Cuba (In Spanish).
    1. Rodríguez Borrego LD. Detección del cáncer de próstata en la comunidad Policlínico Docente Wilfredo Santana. Tesis Especialidad de Urología, La Habana. Rev Cub Urol. 2018;7(e47)
    1. Borrego Díaz L, González Sapsin K, Borrego Pino L, Dovale Borjas B and González Sapsin K: Diagnóstico tardío del cáncer en adultos mayores en el hospital V. I. Lenin. Correo Científico Médico de Holguín 12, 2018.
    1. García PHA, Varela R. Validez diagnóstica del antígeno prostático específico para la presencia de metástasis en pacientes con cáncer de próstata. Urol Colomb. 2010;19:13–18.
    1. Salman JW, Schoots IG, Carlsson SV, Jenster G, Roobol MJ. Prostate specific antigen as a tumor marker in prostate cancer: Biochemical and clinical aspects. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;867:93–114. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_7.
    1. Karnofsky DA, Abelarman WH, Graver LF, Burchenal JH. The use of the nitrogen mustards in the palliative treatment of carcinoma. With particular reference to bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer. 1948;1:634–656.
    1. Pérez-Cruz PE, Francisco Acevedo C. Escalas de estado en cáncer. Gastroenterol Latinoam. 2014;25:219–226.
    1. Herrera-Guerrero MI, Torres Gómez A, Allende Pereza S. Correlación del estado funcional de Karnofsky con la supervivencia de pacientes con tumores de origen gastrointestinal en un servicio de cuidados paliativos. Cir Gen. 2014;36:134–137.
    1. Petrylak DP. The current role of chemotherapy in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Urology. 2005;65 (Suppl 5):S3–S7. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.053. Discussion 7-8.
    1. Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, Lara PN Jr, Jones JA, Taplin ME, Burch PA, Berry D, Moinpour C, Kohli M, et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1513–1520. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa041318.
    1. Berthold DR, Pond GR, Soban F, de Wit R, Eisenberger M, Tannock IF. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer: Updated survival in the TAX 327 study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:242–245. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.4008.
    1. Zumsteg ZS, Spratt DE, Pei I, Zhang Z, Yamada Y, Kollmeier M, Zelefsky MJ. A new risk classification system for therapeutic decision making with intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients undergoing dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy. Eur Urol. 2013;64:895–902. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.03.033.
    1. van Soest RJ, de Wit R. Irrefutable evidence for use of docetaxel in newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer: Result from de STAMPEDE and CHAARTER trials. BMC Med. 2015;13(304) doi: 10.1186/s12916-015-0543-9.
    1. Gravis G, Boher JM, Joly F, Soulié M, Albiges L, Priou F, Latorzeff I, Delva R, Krakowski I, Laguerre B, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) plus docetaxel versus ADT alone in metastatic non castrate prostate cancer: Impact of metastatic burden and long-term survival analysis of the randomized phase 3 GETUG-AFU15 trial. Eur Urol. 2016;70:256–262. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.11.005.
    1. Nguyen PL, Chen MH, Catalona WJ, Moul JW, Sun L, D'Amico AV. Predicting prostate cancer mortality among men with intermediate to high-risk disease and multiple unfavourable risk factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;73:659–664. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.05.009.
    1. James ND, Sydes MR, Mason MD, Clarke NW, Dearnaley DP, Millman MRS, Parker C, Ritchie AW, Russell JM, Staffurth J, et al. Docetaxel and/or zoledronic acid for hormone-naive prostate cancer: First overall survival results from STAMPEDE (NCT00268476) J Clin Oncol. 2015;33 (Suppl)(5001)
    1. Van Poppel H, Tombal B. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer with nutrient and supplement. Cancer Manag Res. 2011;3:91–100. doi: 10.2147/CMR.S18503.
    1. Sarkar, et al. Perspective for cancer prevention with natural component. Endocrin Relative Cancer. 2010;17:R195–R212.
    1. Amin AR, Kucuk O, Khuri FR, Shin DM. Perspectives for cancer prevention with natural compounds. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2712–2725. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.6235.
    1. Coronado HM, Vega y León S, Gutiérrez TR, Vázquez FM, Radilla VC. Antioxidantes: Perspectiva actual para la salud humana. Rev Chil Nutr. 2015;42:206–212. (In Spanish)
    1. Heaney ML, Gardner JR, Karasavvas N, Golde DW, Scheimberg DA, Smith EA, O'Connor OA. Vitamin C antagonizes the cytotoxic effects of antineoplastic drug. Cancer Res. 2008;68:8031–8038. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1490.
    1. Roomi WM, Ivanov V, Kalinovsky T, Niedzwiecki A, Rath M. In vivo antitumor effect of ascorbic acid, lysine, proline and green tea extract on human colon cancer cell HCT 116 xenograіs in nude mice: Evaluation of tumor growth and immunohistochemistry. Oncol Rep. 2005;13:421–425.29.
    1. Tang Y, Zhao DY, Elliot S, Zhao W, Curiel TJ, Beckman BS, Burrow ME. Epigallocatechin-3 gallate induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells through surviving suppression. Int J Oncol. 2007;31:705–711.
    1. Peng G, Dixon DA, Muga SJ, Smith TJ, Wargovich MJ. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits cyclooxygenasa-2 expression in colon carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog. 2006;45:309–319. doi: 10.1002/mc.20166.
    1. Frömberg A, Gutsch D, Schulze D, Vollbracht C, Weiss G, Czubayko F, Aigner A. Ascorbate exerts anti-proliferative effects through cell cycle inhibition and sensitizes tumor cells towards cystostatic drugs. Cancer Chemoter Pharmacol. 2011;67:1157–1166. doi: 10.1007/s00280-010-1418-6.
    1. Ferriols Lisart R, Ferriols Lisart F, Alós Almiñana M, Magraner Gil J. Calidad de vida en oncología clínica. Farm Hosp. 1995;19:315–322.
    1. Marín Caro MM, Laviano A, Pichard C. Nutritional intervention and quality of life in adult oncology patients. Clin Nutr. 2007;26:289–301. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2007.01.005.
    1. Faria A, Coriat J, Rueda M, Cardona C, Rosselli D. Nutritional supplements as modifiers of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Latin American Nutrition Files. 2017;67:169–177.
    1. Armstrong JA, Garrett-Mayer E, De Wit R, Tannock I, Mario Eisenberger M. Prediction of survival following first-line chemotherapy in men with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:203–211. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2514.
    1. Hernández-García S, González V, Sanz E, Pandiella A. Effect of ocoxin oral solution in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2015;67:1159–1169. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1068819.
    1. Preciado-Estrella DA, Kaplan SA, Iturriaga Goyón E, Ramón-Trejo E, Mayorga Gómez E. Auza Benavides A y colaboradores: Comparación del Índice Internacional de Síntomas Prostáticos versus Escala Visual Análoga Gea® para la evaluación de los síntomas de la vía urinaria inferior. Rev Mex Urol. 2017;77:372–382. (In Spanish)
    1. Bettuzzy S, Brauzi M, Rizzy F, Castagnetti G, Peracchia G, Corti A. Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green catechins in volunteers with high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasm: A preliminary report from a one year proof of principle study. Cancer Res. 2006;66:1234–1240. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1145.
    1. Márquez J, Mena J, Hernández-Unzueta I, Benedicto A, Sanz E, Arteta B, Olaso E. Ocoxin® oral solution slows down tumor growth in an experimental model of colorectal cancer metastasis to the liver in balb/c mice. Oncol Rep. 2016;35:1265–1272. doi: 10.3892/or.2015.4486.
    1. Diaz-Rodriguez E, Hernández-Garcia S, Sanz E, Pandiella A. Antitumor effect of ocoxin on acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget. 2016;7:6231–6242.
    1. Diaz-Rodríguez E, Sanz E. Pandiella: A Efecto antitumoral de Oncoxina un suplemento nutricional que contiene compuestos naturales, en el cáncer de pulmón de células pequeñas. Revista Internacional de Oncología. 2018;5:113–123.
    1. Parker C, Gillessen S, Heidenreich A, Horwich A. ESMO Guidelines Committee: Cancer of the prostate: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26 (Supl 5):v69–v77. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdv222.
    1. Wolf AM, Wender RC, Etzioni RB, Thompson IM, D'Amico AV, Volk RJ, Brooks DD, Dash C, Guessous I, Andrews K, et al. American cancer society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: Update 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60:70–98. doi: 10.3322/caac.20066.
    1. Kontos CK, Adamopoulos PG, Scorilas A. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2015;15:1567–1576. doi: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1110022.
    1. Hussain M, Tangen CM, Higano C, Schelhammer PF, Faulkner J, Crawford ED, Wilding G, Akdas A, Small EJ, Donnelly B, et al. Absolute prostate-specific antigen value after androgen deprivation is a strong independent predictor of survival in new metastatic prostate cancer: Data from Southwest Oncology Group Trial 9346 (INT-0162) J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3984–3990. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.4246.
    1. Pérez-Peña J, Diaz-Rodríguez E, Sanz E and Pandiella A: Papel Central de la regulación del ciclo celular en la acción antitumoral de la oncoxina. Nutrients 11, 2019.
    1. Amstrong AJ, Goerge DJ, Halbi S. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a biomarker for survival with mTOR inhibition in patients with metastatic renal cells carcinoma (RCC) J Clin Oncol. 2010;28 (Suppl 15)(S4631)
    1. Angulo J, Romero I, Díaz-Puente MT, Enrech S, Díez R, Molina T. Supervivencia del cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración en la práctica clínica y el papel del tratamiento. Rev Colomb Cancerol. 2017;21:95–103.
    1. Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Tammela TL, Ciatto S, Nelen V, Kwiatkowski M, Lujan M, Lilja H, Zappa M, et al. Prostate-cancer mortality at 11 years of follow-up. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:981–990. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1113135.
    1. de Bono JS, Scher HI, Montgomery RB, Parker C, Miller MC, Tissing H, Doyle GV, Terstappen LW, Pienta KJ, Raghavan D. Circulating tumor cells predict survival benefit from treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:6302–6309. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0872.
    1. Steyerberg EW, Moons KG, Vander Windt DA, Hayden JA, Perel P, Schroter S, Riley RD, Hemingway H, Altman DG. PROGRESS Group: Prognosis Research Strategy (PROGRESS) 3: Prognostic model research. PLoS Med. 2013;10(e1001381) doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001381.
    1. Weiner AB, Matulewicz RS, Eggener SE, Schaeffer EM. Increasing incidence of metastatic prostate cancer in the United States (2004-2013) Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2016;19:395–397. doi: 10.1038/pcan.2016.30.
    1. Pérez BP, Corral JJ and Fernández de Tejerina CMA: Neurotoxicidad por quimioterapia. Capitulo 6: 112-116.
    1. Al Martin, UPA Rodríguez, LPA Rodríguez: Manejo de la toxicidad neurológica Manual de la SEOM de cuidados continuos, 2nd edition, pp 156. . Access date March 16, 2020.
    1. Hernández-Unzueta I, Benedicto A, Olaso E, Sanz E, Viera C, Arteta B, Márquez J. Ocoxin oral solution® as a complement to irinotecan chemotherapy in the metastatic progression of colorectal cancer to the liver. Oncol Lett. 2017;13:4002–4012. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.6016.
    1. Uddin DM, Islam M, Mahmood I, Gosha AK, Khatun RA, Kundu S. Findings of the 3-month supportive treatment with Oncoxin solution beside the standard modalities of patients with different neoplastic diseases. TAJ. 2009;22:172–175.
    1. Hernández-Unzueta I, Benedicto A, Romayor I, Herrero A, Sanz E, Arteta B, Olaso E, Márquez J. Ocoxin oral solutions exerts and antitumor effect in pancreatic cancer and reduce the stromal mediated chemotherapy. Pancreas. 2019;48:555–567. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000001277.
    1. Rivas CI, Alert SJ, Alfonso G, Candanedo H, Cuervo Y, Mestre B, Cabello JR, Lence J, Lugoyo M, Sanz E. Oncoxin-Viusid with radiotherapy and chemotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer: Results from a phase II, randomised, double blind study. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2018;10(10)
    1. Lorente R, Duran D, Viamonte J, Lence AJ, Reyes R, Sans E. Efficacy of Oncoxin-Viusid on the reduction of adverse reactions to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients diagnosed with cervical cancer and endometrial adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Ther. 2020;11:276–295.
    1. Tan W. Promising new treatment option for metastatic androgen independent prostate cancer. Actas Urol Esp. 2007;31:680–685. doi: 10.1016/s0210-4806(07)73705-1. (In Spanish)
    1. Huguet Pérez J, Maroto Rey P, Palou Redorta J, Villavicencio Mavrich H. Hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Modifications of the therapeutic strategies since chemotherapy proved its usefulness. Actas Urol Esp. 2006;30:123–133. doi: 10.1016/s0210-4806(06)73413-1. (In Spanish)
    1. Berlin A, Fernández MI. Advances in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer: Emphasis in new hormonal therapies. Rev Med Chile. 2015;143:223–236. doi: 10.4067/S0034-98872015000200010. (In Spanish)

Source: PubMed

Sponsorit ja yhteistyökumppanit

Sairaudet

Huumeiden interventiot

3
Tilaa