Lean tissue imaging: a new era for nutritional assessment and intervention

Carla M M Prado, Steven B Heymsfield, Carla M M Prado, Steven B Heymsfield

Abstract

Body composition refers to the amount of fat and lean tissues in our body; it is a science that looks beyond a unit of body weight, accounting for the proportion of different tissues and its relationship to health. Although body weight and body mass index are well-known indexes of health status, most researchers agree that they are rather inaccurate measures, especially for elderly individuals and those patients with specific clinical conditions. The emerging use of imaging techniques such as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound imaging in the clinical setting have highlighted the importance of lean soft tissue (LST) as an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. It is clear from emerging studies that body composition health will be vital in treatment decisions, prognostic outcomes, and quality of life in several nonclinical and clinical states. This review explores the methodologies and the emerging value of imaging techniques in the assessment of body composition, focusing on the value of LST to predict nutrition status.

Keywords: CT; DXA; MRI; body composition; imaging; lean body mass; lean soft tissue; nutrition status; osteosarcopenic obesity; sarcopenia; sarcopenic obesity; ultrasound.

Conflict of interest statement

Disclosures:Baxter Healthcare Corporation and the authors discussed the final content, the authors drafted and revised the manuscript, and Baxter provided a courtesy medical and legal review of the final version, including financial support for The JB Ashtin Group, Inc. The authors had final approval over the content.

© 2014 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Selected molecular and tissue-organ body composition level components. ATFM, adipose-tissue free mass; FFM, fat-free mass; LST, lean soft tissue.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Selected body composition components measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA; left) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; right). Body mass (M) and volume (V) represent the sum of these components for DXA and MRI, respectively. BMC, bone mineral content; IMAT, intermuscular adipose tissue; LST, lean soft tissue; Res, residual mass (organs and tissues remaining after subtracting skeletal muscle, bone, and adipose tissue volumes); SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; SM, skeletal muscle; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.

References

Further Reading

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