Waterpipe use among the youth in Ghana: Lessons from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2017

Abstract

Introduction: The Global Youth Tobacco Survey's findings have been used to support Ghana's tobacco control legislation, monitor tobacco use among the youth and also used in meeting various Articles of the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). These Articles include: Article 8 (Protection for exposure to tobacco smoke); Article 12 (Education, communication, training and public awareness); Article 13 (Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship); Article 14 (Demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation); and Article 16 (Sales to and by minors). Among the four waves of GYTS in Ghana, the 2017 GYTS was the first to assess waterpipe smoking, through optional questions included in the GYTS questionnaire. We assessed sex, age and regional differentials in waterpipe smoking among the youth in Ghana, and also explored the association between the use of other tobacco products and waterpipe use.

Methods: The GYTS employs a standardized methodology with self-administered questionnaires, consisting of core, optional, and country specific questions. Fourteen questions, out of the seventy-four (74) questions administered for the entire GYTS, assessed waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS). Chi-squared test was used to assess sex, age, grade/form and regional differentials in waterpipe use. Furthermore, the association between smoking cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes and waterpipe smoking, was explored by employing a chi-squared test with a 5% significance level.

Results: Of a total of 5664 students who participated in the study, 90.9% were aged 13-15 years. The respondents were almost equally distributed among males and females. Overall, 3.1% of the respondents had ever smoked waterpipe. The overall prevalence of current waterpipe use was 1.7%; with 2.1% in girls (95% CI: 0.9-4.7%) and 0.9% in boys (95% CI: 0.5-1.6%), p=0.033. Additionally, more than half (55.0%) of the current waterpipe users smoked three or more sessions per day. Surprisingly, close to half (46.9%) of the current waterpipe users smoked at home.

Conclusions: Waterpipe use, particularly among the female student population, represents an emerging tobacco epidemic and hence deserves immediate attention from authorities. This study revealed that waterpipe is being used among Junior High students in Ghana. Education on the health implications of waterpipe use should be intensified among the youth, to help minimize its use and to prevent its associated health harms.

Keywords: Ghana; junior high school; tobacco; waterpipe; youth.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have each completed and submitted an ICMJE form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. The authors declare that they have no competing interests, financial or otherwise, related to the current work. D.D. Logo, S. Kyei-Faried and J. Ansong report financial support for data collection and report writing from the World Health Organization-African Region, during the conduct of the study.

© 2020 Logo D.D. et al.