Effects of Purified Anthocyanins in People at Risk for Dementia: Study Protocol for a Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial

Khadija Khalifa, Anne Katrine Bergland, Hogne Soennesyn, Ketil Oppedal, Ragnhild Oesterhus, Ingvild Dalen, Alf Inge Larsen, Tormod Fladby, Helen Brooker, Keith A Wesnes, Clive Ballard, Dag Aarsland, Khadija Khalifa, Anne Katrine Bergland, Hogne Soennesyn, Ketil Oppedal, Ragnhild Oesterhus, Ingvild Dalen, Alf Inge Larsen, Tormod Fladby, Helen Brooker, Keith A Wesnes, Clive Ballard, Dag Aarsland

Abstract

Background: The number of people with dementia is increasing, with huge challenges for society and health-care systems. There are no disease-modifying therapies available. There is, therefore, an urgent need to identify strategies to reduce the risk of developing dementia. Anthocyanins are a class of compounds found in dark berries and fruits with some effects that might reduce the risk for cognitive decline and the development of dementia in older people. Aim: This phase II three-center, randomized, 24-week, placebo-controlled study, ongoing in Norway, aims to evaluate the safety, and efficacy of anthocyanins in modifying key dementia-related mechanisms and maintain cognitive functioning in older people at risk for dementia. Methods: Participants (220 individuals aged 60-80 years) who meet the inclusion criteria (either mild cognitive impairment or two or more cardiometabolic disorders) are being enrolled in this study at three different centers in Norway. Participants are block randomized to identically appearing capsules containing 80 mg of naturally purified anthocyanins or placebo 1:1. Dosage is 2 + 2 capsules per day for 24 weeks. The primary outcome will be the quality of episodic memory score, a composite measure from the extensively validated online cognitive test battery CogTrack®, which is administered at baseline and monthly for the next 6 months. Secondary outcomes include other major scores from CogTrack, as well as a range of neuroimaging and other biomarkers. Anthocyanin metabolites will be measured in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The change from baseline scores will be subject to a mixed model for repeated measures analysis of covariance. The primary comparison will be the contrast (difference in the least-square means) between active and placebo at the end of the study (week 24). The primary study population will be a modified intention-to-treat population (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03419039). Discussion: This study aims to demonstrate whether there are beneficial effects of purified anthocyanins on cognition and relevant biological functions in people at increased risk for dementia. Forthcoming results may contribute to further improvement of intervention strategies to prevent or delay the onset of dementia, including a potential decision to take anthocyanins toward phase III trials.

Keywords: anthocyanins; dementia; intervention; mild cognitive impairment; randomized controlled trial.

Copyright © 2020 Khalifa, Bergland, Soennesyn, Oppedal, Oesterhus, Dalen, Larsen, Fladby, Brooker, Wesnes, Ballard and Aarsland.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of the trial. SUS, Stavanger University Hospital; Ahus, Akershus University Hospital; BH, Betanien Hospital, CMD, cardiometabolic disorders; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; FDG-PET, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET); CAVI, cardio–ankle vascular index; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; PPG, photoplethysmography; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; CDR, Clinician Dementia Rating scale; IQCODE, The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale. *cardiovascular measurements are only performed at SUS and Ahus. *FDG-PET scan is only performed at SUS.

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