Does the combination of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and static magnetic fields (sMF) potentiate the effects of aerobic endurance training and decrease the loss of performance during detraining? A randomised, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial

Paulo Roberto Vicente de Paiva, Heliodora Leão Casalechi, Shaiane Silva Tomazoni, Caroline Dos Santos Monteiro Machado, Neide Firmo Ribeiro, Amanda Lima Pereira, Marcelo Ferreira Duarte de Oliveira, Marjury Nunes da Silva Alves, Maiara Conceição Dos Santos, Inti Ernesto Torrico Takara, Eduardo Foschini Miranda, Paulo de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho, Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior, Paulo Roberto Vicente de Paiva, Heliodora Leão Casalechi, Shaiane Silva Tomazoni, Caroline Dos Santos Monteiro Machado, Neide Firmo Ribeiro, Amanda Lima Pereira, Marcelo Ferreira Duarte de Oliveira, Marjury Nunes da Silva Alves, Maiara Conceição Dos Santos, Inti Ernesto Torrico Takara, Eduardo Foschini Miranda, Paulo de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho, Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior

Abstract

Background: Photobiomodulation (PBMT) is a therapy that uses non-ionising forms of light, including low-level lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that may be capable of modulating cellular activity. Some biological processes may also interact with static magnetic fields (sMF), leading to modulatory effects on cells. Previous studies have verified that the combination of PBMT and sMF (PBMT/sMF) enhances the performance of individuals during aerobic training programs. The detraining period can cause losses in aerobic capacity. However, there is no evidence of the existence of any recourse that can decrease the effects of detraining. We aimed to investigate the effects of PBMT/sMF application during training and detraining to assess the effectiveness of this treatment in reducing the effects of detraining.

Methods: Sixty male volunteers were randomly allocated into four groups- participants who received PBMT/sMF during the training and detraining (PBMT/sMF + PBMT/sMF); participants who received PBMT/sMF during the training and a placebo in the detraining (PBMT/sMF + Placebo); participants who received a placebo during the training and PBMT/sMF in the detraining (Placebo+PBMT/sMF); and participants who received a placebo during the training and detraining (Placebo+Placebo). Participants performed treadmill training over 12 weeks (3 sessions/week), followed by 4 weeks of detraining. PBMT/sMF was applied using a 12-diode emitter (four 905 nm super-pulsed lasers, four 875 nm light-emitting diodes (LEDs), four 640 nm LEDs, and a 35 mT magnetic field) at 17 sites on each lower limb (dosage: 30 J per site). The data were analysed by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA, time vs experimental group) with post-hoc Bonferroni correction.

Results: The percentage of change in time until exhaustion and in maximum oxygen consumption was higher in the PBMT/sMF + PBMT/sMF group than in the Placebo+Placebo group at all time-points (p < 0.05). Moreover, the percentage of decrease in body fat at the 16th week was higher in the PBMT/sMF + PBMT/sMF group than in the Placebo+Placebo group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: PBMT/sMF can potentiate the effects of aerobic endurance training and decrease performance loss after a 4-week detraining period. Thus, it may prove to be an important tool for both amateur and high-performance athletes as well as people undergoing rehabilitation.

Trial registration: NCT03879226. Trial registered on 18 March 2019.

Keywords: Deconditioning; Endurance exercise; Light-emitting diode therapy; Low-level laser therapy; Phototherapy.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interestsProfessor Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior receives research support from Multi Radiance Medical (Solon - OH, USA), a therapeutic device manufacturer. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

© The Author(s) 2020.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
CONSORT flowchart
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
a: Treatment sites at knee extensor muscles b: Treatment sites at knee-flexor and ankle plantar-flexor muscles
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Percentage of change in time to exhaustion. The data are presented in mean and SEM. * indicates statistical significance of p < 0.05 compared to Placebo+Placebo; ** indicates statistical significance of p < 0.01 compared to Placebo+Placebo; **** indicates statistical significance of p < 0.0001 compared to Placebo+Placebo; ø indicates statistical significance of p < 0.05 compared to Placebo+PBMT/sMF; øø indicates statistical significance of p < 0.01 compared to Placebo+PBMT/sMF; øøøø indicates statistical significance of p < 0.0001 compared to Placebo+PBMT/sMF; and # indicates statistical significance of p < 0.05 compared to PBMT/sMF + Placebo
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Percentage of change in relative maximum oxygen uptake. The data are presented in mean and SEM. * indicates statistical significance of p < 0.05 compared to Placebo+Placebo; ** indicates statistical significance of p < 0.01 compared to Placebo+Placebo; **** indicates statistical significance of p < 0.0001 compared to Placebo+Placebo; øøø indicates statistical significance of p < 0.001 compared to Placebo+PBMT/sMF; øøøø indicates statistical significance of p < 0.0001 compared to Placebo+PBMT/sMF; ### indicates statistical significance of p < 0.001 compared to PBMT/sMF + Placebo
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Percentage of change in body fat. The data are presented in mean and SEM. * indicates statistical significance of p < 0.05 compared to Placebo+Placebo

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