이 페이지는 자동 번역되었으며 번역의 정확성을 보장하지 않습니다. 참조하십시오 영문판 원본 텍스트의 경우.

FEEL-GOOD: A Multicenter Trial of a Mindfulness-Based Group Therapy in Young Adults With Early Psychosis (FEEL-GOOD)

2026년 6월 9일 업데이트: Stephanie Mehl

Mindfulness-based Group Therapy in Young Inpatients With Acute Early Psychosis (FEEL-GOOD)

FEEL-GOOD is a prospective multi-site single-blinded randomized controlled trial in young inpatients with acute early psychosis. Participants are randomized 1:1 to FEEL-GOOD plus treatment as usual (TAU) or TAU alone. The intervention consists of one individual preparatory session and eight modularized group sessions delivered over four weeks involving four to eight participants at each session and including practice and homework tasks. Outcomes are assessed at baseline, 4 weeks post-intervention, and 6 months follow-up, with the primary outcome being observer-rated total psychopathology as measured with the assessed by the total score of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) post-treatment (4 weeks post baseline).

연구 개요

상태

모병

정황

개입 / 치료

상세 설명

After providing written informed consent, participants diagnoses will be confirmed with SCID-5-RV interview. The investigator will complete astandardized screening checklist to verify that all inclusion and exclusion criteria are (not) met prior to enrollment in the study. If patients they meet the required inclusion criteria and the exclusion criteria participants will complete baseline data assessment before randomization which will be performed adaptively fromwithin the data management system SecuTrial. Subjects will be randomized in a 1:1 allocation for each study site and will be balanced adaptively for gender and symptom severity as meas-ured by the PANSS total score (3 strata: mild with <54 points, moderate with 54-74 points, and high with >74 points). Participants will further complete two assessments at 4-week and6-month post-intervention. The final assessment for each participant (t3) constitutes the individual end of study participation. As participation is voluntary, participants may withdraw from the study prematurely at any time. Any withdrawal, and the reason for withdrawal will be documented. Reasons for withdrawal may include: 1) withdrawal of consent by participant defined as drop-out (without the need to provide justification), or 2) incorrect inclusion (e.g., subsequent determination of ineligibility).

The FEEL-GOOD trial aims to evaluate a mindfulness-based group therapy for young inpatients with acute early psychosis in addition to treatment as usual (TAU) in comparison to TAU at post-intervention (t2 after 4 weeks) regarding total psychopathology, positive and negative symptoms, and general psychopathology measured with the Positive and Negative Symp-tom Scale (PANSS), as well as acceptance of symptoms, mind- fulness-related and emotion regulation skills in inpatients with EP in comparison to the control group only receiving TAU. The rationale is that early psychosis is a critical treatment window, while current psychological interventions show limited efficacy and low adherence in younger patients; mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) may improve emotional awareness, acceptance, and emotion regulation.

Participants aged 16 to 35 years with early psychosis are recruited across eight German study sites (inpatient hospitals).

FEEL-GOOD is delivered by trained clinical psychologists or psychiatrists and consists of one individual preparatory session and eight modularized 50-minute group sessions over four weeks. Clinical psychologists or psychiatrists will conduct the intervention based on a detailed manual. It will follow the principals of MBI adapted for patients with psychosis. The patients will join the group therapy sessions (open-enrolling group) at any time and then participate at 8 consecutive sessions. Prior to the first group session, there will be an individual session with the study therapist, in which the participants will discuss and write down individual treatment goals related to mindfulness, emotional awareness and emotion regulation.

The core of the intervention will be to provide insights into and to practice the essential elements of mindfulness and emotion regulation: attention to the present moment, as well as non-judgmental awareness and acceptance, and application of emotional awareness and emotion regulation skills. The following modules will be provided: (1) Information on emotions (2 sessions); (2) How to use mindfulness to better cope with distressing emotions and symptoms. (2 sessions); (3) How to reduce vulnerability towards negative emotions (1 session) and (4) Regulation of specific distressing emotions (anger, guild and shame: 2 sessions) and (5) a last session on crisis planning. The intervention was developed in cooperation with Peer Coworkers.

An earlier version of the FEEL-GOOD group intervention was piloted in a feasibility study at Vivantes Hospital Berlin.

Primary Outcome: The primary outcome will be observer-rated (blinded) total psychopathology as measured by the total score of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [post-treatment (4 weeks post baseline).

연구 유형

중재적

등록 (추정된)

252

단계

  • 해당 없음

연락처 및 위치

이 섹션에서는 연구를 수행하는 사람들의 연락처 정보와 이 연구가 수행되는 장소에 대한 정보를 제공합니다.

연구 연락처

연구 연락처 백업

연구 장소

  • 독일
    • Baden-Wurttemberg
      • Mannheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, 독일, 68159
        • 모병
        • University of Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, J5, 68169 Mannheim
        • 연락하다:
        • 수석 연구원:
          • Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Prof. Dr.
        • 부수사관:
          • Dusan Hirjak, Prof. Dr.
    • Bavaria
      • Augsburg, Bavaria, 독일, 86156
        • 모병
        • University of Augsburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Geschwister-Schoenert-Str. 1, 86156 Augsburg
        • 연락하다:
        • 수석 연구원:
          • Alkomiet Hasan, Prof. Dr.
      • München, Bavaria, 독일, 80336
        • 모병
        • Ludwig-Maximilians Universität Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich
        • 연락하다:
        • 연락하다:
        • 수석 연구원:
          • Peter Falkai, Prof. Dr.
        • 부수사관:
          • Oliver Pogarell, Prof. Dr.
    • Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
      • Hamburg, Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, 독일, 20246
        • 모병
        • University of Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
        • 수석 연구원:
          • Jürgen Gallinat, Prof. Dr.
        • 연락하다:
          • Schirin Gellert
          • 전화번호: +49 (0) 40 7410 53210
          • 이메일: S.Gellert@uke.de
        • 부수사관:
          • Martin Lambert, Prof. Dr.
    • Hesse
      • Marburg, Hesse, 독일, 35039
        • 모병
        • Marburg University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35039 Marburg, Germany
        • 연락하다:
        • 연락하다:
        • 수석 연구원:
          • Igor Nenadiç, Prof. Dr.
        • 부수사관:
          • Stephanie Mehl, Prof. Dr.
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, 독일, 50937
        • 모병
        • University of Cologne, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne
        • 연락하다:
        • 연락하다:
        • 수석 연구원:
          • Frank Jessen, Prof. Dr.
        • 부수사관:
          • Joseph Kambeitz, Prof. Dr.
    • State of Berlin
      • Berlin, State of Berlin, 독일, 10117
        • 모병
        • Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CCM), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, , Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
        • 연락하다:
        • 수석 연구원:
          • Malek Bajbouj, Prof. Dr.
        • 부수사관:
          • Kerem Böge, Prof. Dr. Dr.
      • Berlin, State of Berlin, 독일, 10967
        • 모병
        • Vivantes Klinikum am Urban, Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy und Psychosomatics, Dieffenbachstr. 1, 10967 Berlin
        • 연락하다:
        • 연락하다:
        • 수석 연구원:
          • Andreas Bechdolf, Prof. Dr.
        • 부수사관:
          • Anja Lehmann, Dr.

참여기준

연구원은 적격성 기준이라는 특정 설명에 맞는 사람을 찾습니다. 이러한 기준의 몇 가지 예는 개인의 일반적인 건강 상태 또는 이전 치료입니다.

자격 기준

공부할 수 있는 나이

  • 어린이
  • 성인

건강한 자원 봉사자를 받아들입니다

아니

설명

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age 16 to 35 years
  • Clinical diagnosis of early psychosis, defined as first psychotic episode within the last 5 years as assessed with the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Research Version (SCID-5-RV)
  • DSM-5 schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic disorder confirmed with SCID-5-RV (DSM-5: 297.1, 298.8, 295.4, 295.9, 295.7, 298.8, 298.9) Currently receiving inpatient/day clinic treatment with a planned stay of at least 4 weeks
  • Interested in and willing to participate in FEEL-GOOD and/or TAU.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Insufficient German language abilities
  • Acute suicidality or acute threat to others

공부 계획

이 섹션에서는 연구 설계 방법과 연구가 측정하는 내용을 포함하여 연구 계획에 대한 세부 정보를 제공합니다.

연구는 어떻게 설계됩니까?

디자인 세부사항

  • 주 목적: 치료
  • 할당: 무작위
  • 중재 모델: 병렬 할당
  • 마스킹: 하나의

무기와 개입

참가자 그룹 / 팔
개입 / 치료
실험적: FEEL-GOOD + TAU
FEEL-GOOD + TAU. FEEL-GOOD consists of one individual preparatory session and eight modularized group sessions delivered over four weeks involving four to eight participants at each session and including practice and homework tasks. The core of the intervention will be to provide insights into and to practice the essential elements of mindfulness and emotion regulation: attention to the present moment, as well as non-judgmental awareness and acceptance, and application of emotional awareness and emotion regulation skills. The following modules will be provided: (1) Information on emotions (2 sessions); (2) How to use mindfulness to better cope with distressing emotions and symptoms. (2 sessions); (3) How to reduce vulnerability towards negative emotions (1 session) and (4) Regulation of specific distressing emotions (anger, guild and shame: 2 sessions) and (5) a last session on crisis planning. Patients additionally receive Treatment as Usual (TAU) as described below.
행동: FEEL GOOD
FEEL-GOOD consists of one individual preparatory session and eight modularized group sessions delivered over four weeks involving four to eight participants at each session and including practice and homework tasks. The core of the intervention will be to provide insights into and to practice the essential elements of mindfulness and emotion regulation: attention to the present moment, as well as non-judgmental awareness and acceptance, and application of emotional awareness and emotion regulation skills. The following modules will be provided: (1) Information on emotions (2 sessions); (2) How to use mindfulness to better cope with distressing emotions and symptoms. (2 sessions); (3) How to reduce vulnerability towards negative emotions (1 session) and (4) Regulation of specific distressing emotions (anger, guild and shame: 2 sessions) and (5) a last session on crisis planning.
활성 비교기: TAU
Participants receive treatment as usual (TAU), consisting of standard inpatient psychiatric care for early psychosis, including pharmacotherapy, supportive counselling, psychotherapeutic group interventions, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and social work as clinically indicated.
다른: Treatment as Usual (TAU)
Standard inpatient psychiatric treatment for early psychosis including pharmacotherapy, supportive counselling, psychotherapeutic group interventions, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and social work as clinically indicated.

연구는 무엇을 측정합니까?

주요 결과 측정

결과 측정
측정값 설명
기간
Positive and Negative Symptom Scale Total Score (PANSS; Blinded assessment)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2); additional assessment at 6-months follow-up (t3)
The primary outcome is observer-rated (blinded) total psychopathology as measured by the total score of PANSS after 4 weeks (t2). PANSS is widely used and the gold standard for psychopathological outcomes in people with psychotic disorders. It integrates positive, negative, and general psychopathological symptoms.
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2); additional assessment at 6-months follow-up (t3)

2차 결과 측정

결과 측정
측정값 설명
기간
Positive and negative symptoms, general psychopathology as measured by PANSS Positive, Negative and General Psychopathology subscales (Blinded assessment)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
The PANSS is a semi-structured interview to assess positive symptoms (PANSS Positive Scale), negative symptoms (PANSS Negative Scale) and general pathology (PANSS General Psychopathology Scale) of Psychosis.
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFFM-D) (Self Report, putative mediator)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
The FFMQ-D consists of 39 items forming the 5 subscales non-reactivity to inner experience, observing, acting with awareness, describing/labelling with words, and nonjudging of inner experience. Items are self-rated on a 5-point Likert-scale.
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale total score (RSES) (Self Report, putative mediator)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Global self-esteem will be assessed with the RSES that consists of 10 items self-rated on a 4-point Likert-scale.
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) (Self Report, putative mediator)
기간: Once a day during intervention period from baseline through the post-intervention phase
Participants will complete EMA via the m-Path mobile application starting after giving informed consent and randomisation into the trial and will end seven days post-intervention. There will be one prompt per day. Each prompt will include approximately 39-46 items, depending on conditional branching. The questions will cover several domains, such as current emotional state, psychopathological symptoms, mindfulness, emotional (in-)stability, and emotion regulation skills.
Once a day during intervention period from baseline through the post-intervention phase
Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26) (Self Report, putative mediator)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
The TAS-26 is the German version of the TASand consists of 26 items with the 3 subscales: Difficulties Identifying Feelings, Difficulties Describing Feelings, and Externally Oriented Thinking self-rated on a 5-point Likert-scale.
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) (Self Report, putative mediator)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
The CERQ measures cognitive coping strategies, i.e., thoughts after negative events or situations on 9 subscales (self-blame, blaming others, acceptance, refocusing on planning, positive refocusing, rumination, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, and catastrophizing), each consisting of 4 items that are self-rated on 5-point Likert-scales.
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Emotion regulation skills (ERSQ) (Self Report, putative mediator)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
The ERSQ consists of 27 items with 9 subscales assessing competencies that are considered essential for successful emotion regulation (i.e., attention, clarity, bodily awareness, understanding, acceptance, resilience, self-support, willingness to confront, and regulation). Self-reports are rated on a 5-point Likert-scale.
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Patient satisfaction questionnaire (ZUF) (Self Report, putative mediator)
기간: 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
The ZUF-8 is the German version adapted for inpatients based on the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8). It consists of 8 items self-rated on a 4-point Likert-scale and assesses patients' overall satisfaction with the clinical treatment received.
4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
World Health Organization Quality of Life - 100 item version (WHOQOL-BREF) (Self Report, putative mediator)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
The WHOQOL-BREF assesses quality of life as a subjective evaluation, embedded within the individual's cultural, social, and environmental context using 26 items divided into 4 domains: physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, and environment. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert-scale.
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales to assess delusions (PSYRATS-D) and hallucinations (PSYRATS-H) (Blinded assessment)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
The PSYRATS is a semi-structured interview to assess delusions and hallucinations. It consist of 17 items assessing specific dimensions of hallucinations and delusions. Each item is observer-rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (= absent) to 4 (=severe). The PSYRATS include two subscales: hallucinations with 11 items (PSYRATS-H) and delusions with 6 items (PSYRATS-D).
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Depressive symptoms using the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) (Blinded asessment)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
The CDSS is considered as the gold standard to assess depression specifically in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The 9 items are observer-rated on a scale ranging from 0 (=absent) to 3 (=severe). It distinguishes between depressive symptoms, positive, negative, and extrapyramidal symptoms in adolescents and adults
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Role Functioning Scale (RFS) (Blinded assessment)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
The RFS is a semi-structured interview that measures performance on 4 single rating scales: working productivity, independent living, immediate social network relationships (friends and family), and extended social network relationships (other social contacts) with observer ratings from 0 (= minimal functioning) to 12 (= optimal functioning).
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), (Blinded assessment)
기간: Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)

In the GAF scale, clinicians rate a patient's overall level of psychological, social, and occupational functioning using a single score ranging from 1 to 100. A score of 100 represents superior functioning, whereas a score of 1 indicates a persistent risk of serious harm to oneself or others, severe impairment in basic self-care, or a suicidal act with clear expectation of death.

Changes of approximately 4, 10, or 12 points have been suggested to represent clinically meaningful differences [15].
Baseline (t1), 4 weeks (t2), 6 months follow-up (t3)
Serious adverse events (SAEs) (Blinded Assessment)
기간: Continuously during intervention and follow-up
Serious adverse events are assessed and consist of suicidality, suicide attempts, death, life-threatening events or hospitalization (if patients were previously in outpatient treatment).
Continuously during intervention and follow-up

기타 결과 측정

결과 측정
측정값 설명
기간
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Self Report)
기간: Baseline (t1)
The self-rating questionnaire Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) consists of five subscales: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect, each comprising five items, and an additional minimization/denial scale consisting of 3 items. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert-Scale.
Baseline (t1)
Cognitive Therapy Scale Revised for Psychosis (CTS-R-P)
기간: During the intervention period (4 weeks)
The Cognitive Therapy Scale Revised for Psychosis (CTS-R-P) is used as an adapted version to assess video or audio recordings of the group intervention and the preparatory session to evaluate adherence to cognitive therapy principles and the overall competence of therapists delivering the intervention. A random selection of 25% of all recordings are assessed.
During the intervention period (4 weeks)
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Adherence Scale (MBCT-AS)
기간: During the intervention period (4 weeks).
Recordings of the group sessions are rated using the MBCT-AS in order to to assess how closely therapists adhere to the core principles and procedures of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. A random selection of 25% of all recordings are assessed.
During the intervention period (4 weeks).
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (Research Version)
기간: Baseline (t1)
Diagnoses are confirmed using the structured interview SCID-5-RV. The SCID is an interview designed to systematically assess DSM-5 mental disorders for research purposes.
Baseline (t1)
Multiple Choice Vocabulary Intellicence Test (MVT-B)
기간: Baseline (t1)
The MVT-B is a brief multiple choice vocabulary test that is used to estimate verbal intelligence.
Baseline (t1)
Assessment of Sociodemographic and Clinical Variables
기간: Baseline (t1), 4-months post-intervention (t2) and 6-months follow-up (t3)
Socio-demographic data will be collected by raters at baseline to describe the study population. Core variables include age, gender, education, migration background, residential status and employment status. Clinical variables include the number of previous hospitalisations and outpatient treatments, medication and duration of illness. Medication, hospitalisations and additional treatments will be assessed additionally post-intervention and at 6-months follow-up.
Baseline (t1), 4-months post-intervention (t2) and 6-months follow-up (t3)
Assessment of withdrawal and reasons for withdrawal
기간: During the intervention and at 6-months follow-up (T3)
Any withdrawal, and the reason for withdrawal will be documented. Reasons for withdrawal may include: 1) withdrawal of consent by participant defined as drop-out (without the need to provide justification), or 2) incorrect inclusion (e.g., subsequent determination of ineligibility).
During the intervention and at 6-months follow-up (T3)

공동 작업자 및 조사자

여기에서 이 연구와 관련된 사람과 조직을 찾을 수 있습니다.

스폰서

Stephanie Mehl

협력자

German Research Foundation
Charite University, Berlin, Germany
Ludwig-Maximilians - University of Munich
Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
University Hospital of Cologne
Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim
University Hospital Augsburg
Vivantes Klinikum am Urban
Philipps University Marburg

수사관

  • 수석 연구원: Andreas Bechdolf, Prof. Dr., Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
  • 연구 의자: Stephanie Mehl, Prof. Dr., Marburg University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Rudolf-Bultmann-Strasse 8,35039 Marburg, Germany

연구 기록 날짜

이 날짜는 ClinicalTrials.gov에 대한 연구 기록 및 요약 결과 제출의 진행 상황을 추적합니다. 연구 기록 및 보고된 결과는 공개 웹사이트에 게시되기 전에 특정 품질 관리 기준을 충족하는지 확인하기 위해 국립 의학 도서관(NLM)에서 검토합니다.

연구 주요 날짜

연구 시작 (실제)

2026년 5월 27일

기본 완료 (추정된)

2028년 9월 1일

연구 완료 (추정된)

2028년 12월 31일

연구 등록 날짜

최초 제출

2026년 5월 16일

QC 기준을 충족하는 최초 제출

2026년 6월 9일

처음 게시됨 (실제)

2026년 6월 12일

연구 기록 업데이트

마지막 업데이트 게시됨 (실제)

2026년 6월 12일

QC 기준을 충족하는 마지막 업데이트 제출

2026년 6월 9일

마지막으로 확인됨

2026년 6월 1일

추가 정보

이 연구와 관련된 용어

키워드

추가 관련 MeSH 약관

기타 연구 ID 번호

  • BE 3967/5-1 (기타 식별자: German Research Foundation (DFG))
  • EA2/287/25 (기타 식별자: Ethics Commission Charité Berlin)

개별 참가자 데이터(IPD) 계획

개별 참가자 데이터(IPD)를 공유할 계획입니까?

미정

IPD 계획 설명

Patients will not be asked whether they consent to individual data sharing. It might be possible to share some individual anonymized data based on agreement of the Data Protection Official of each individual study site.

약물 및 장치 정보, 연구 문서

미국 FDA 규제 의약품 연구

아니

미국 FDA 규제 기기 제품 연구

아니

이 정보는 변경 없이 clinicaltrials.gov 웹사이트에서 직접 가져온 것입니다. 귀하의 연구 세부 정보를 변경, 제거 또는 업데이트하도록 요청하는 경우 register@clinicaltrials.gov. 문의하십시오. 변경 사항이 clinicaltrials.gov에 구현되는 즉시 저희 웹사이트에도 자동으로 업데이트됩니다. .

정신병에 대한 임상 시험

FEEL GOOD에 대한 임상 시험

유사한 임상시험 검색

스폰서 및 공동 작업자

건강 상태

약물 개입

CROs by country

CROs in Burkina Faso

정황

희귀 질병

약물 개입

식이 보충제

스폰서 / 협력자

위치

구독하다