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Effect of Physician Race and Gender on Simulated Patients' Ratings

18 juli 2020 bijgewerkt door: Yale University

Effect of Physician Race and Gender on Simulated Patients' Ratings and Confidence in Their Physicians: A Randomized Trial

The purpose of the study was to determine whether the race and gender of a simulated doctor affected analog patients' reported confidence and satisfaction in the simulated doctor's diagnosis and treatment plan. The study used two randomized patient analog experiments.

This study is complete and pre-analysis plans (PAPs) for each experiment were published prior to data collection. The PAPs are available at: http://aspredicted.org/blind.php?x=43xj25 (Study 1) and https://aspredicted.org/blind.php?x=369st7 (Study 2).

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Voltooid

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

Prior literature is unclear on whether patients display bias in their evaluations of physicians based on their race or gender. The investigators estimated the effects of physician race and gender using an online clinical vignette. Participants played the role of analog patients reporting to the Emergency Department (ED) with symptoms consistent with gastroenteritis. Participants were provided with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis by a simulated ED physician. The race (black or white) and gender (male or female) of the simulated physician was randomly assigned in a 2x2 factorial experiment. Simulated physicians provided a diagnosis of gastroenteritis and contradicted by an Online Symptom Checker. Following the physician's diagnosis and contradiction by the Online Symptom Checker, participants rated the simulated physician on survey measures of satisfaction and confidence in both the treatment plan and diagnosis. The main (null) hypothesis tested was that there were no differences across the four treatment arms (Black Female, Black Male, White Female, White Male). Participants for the first experiment (Study 1) were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and participants for the second experiment (Study 2) were recruited from Lucid.

Primary Aim: To determine whether the race and gender of a simulated physician had a causal effect on participants' confidence and satisfaction in the physician's diagnosis and treatment plan in an ED setting.

Exploratory Aims: To determine whether the race and gender of a simulated physician had a casual effect on participants' perceptions of the warmth and competence of the physician, their willingness to sue or complain about the physician for an incorrect diagnosis, and their perceived fairness of the charge for the visit.

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Werkelijk)

3592

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studie Locaties

  • Verenigde Staten
    • Connecticut
      • New Haven, Connecticut, Verenigde Staten, 06520
        • Yale University

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

18 jaar en ouder (Volwassen, Oudere volwassene)

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Ja

Geslachten die in aanmerking komen voor studie

Allemaal

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Adults over 18 years old

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Participants who reported current pregnancy
  • Participants who reported a current or prior diagnosis of cancer
  • Participants who reported a history of abdominal surgery

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Onderzoek naar gezondheidsdiensten
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Faculteitstoewijzing
  • Masker: Geen (open label)

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Experimenteel: Simulated Black Male Physician
Participants are randomized to view the clinical vignette with a simulated Black Male physician.
Gedragsmatig: Simulated Black Male Physician
Participants in this arm of the experiment viewed one of 10 randomly selected possible images of a simulated Black Male physician. This image was paired with a written treatment and diagnosis of gastroenteritis alongside a contradictory diagnosis and treatment plan for appendicitis from an Online Symptom Checker.
Experimenteel: Simulated Black Female Physician
Participants are randomized to view the clinical vignette with a simulated Black Female physician.
Gedragsmatig: Simulated Black Female Physician
Participants in this arm of the experiment viewed one of 10 randomly selected possible images of a simulated Black Female physician. This image was paired with a written treatment and diagnosis of gastroenteritis alongside a contradictory diagnosis and treatment plan for appendicitis from an Online Symptom Checker.
Experimenteel: Simulated White Male Physician
Participants are randomized to view the clinical vignette with a simulated White Male physician.
Gedragsmatig: Simulated White Male Physician
Participants in this arm of the experiment viewed one of 10 randomly selected possible images of a simulated White Male physician. This image was paired with a written treatment and diagnosis of gastroenteritis alongside a contradictory diagnosis and treatment plan for appendicitis from an Online Symptom Checker.
Experimenteel: Simulated White Female Physician
Participants are randomized to view the clinical vignette with a simulated White Female physician.
Gedragsmatig: Simulated White Female Physician
Participants in this arm of the experiment viewed one of 10 randomly selected possible images of a simulated White Female physician. This image was paired with a written treatment and diagnosis of gastroenteritis alongside a contradictory diagnosis and treatment plan for appendicitis from an Online Symptom Checker.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Patient Confidence
Tijdsspanne: Approximately 10 minutes
  1. "How confident are you that this doctor made the correct diagnosis?" Study 1: [not at all confident (0) to completely confident (100)] Study 2: [not at all confident (1) to completely confident (5)]*

  2. "How confident are you that this doctor made the correct treatment plan?" Study 1: [not at all confident (0) to completely confident (100)] Study 2: [not at all confident (1) to completely confident (5)]*

    • The Patient Confidence outcome for each study participant was the unweighted average of their ratings on questions a and b. In Study 1, this item was measured using 0-100 point scales. In Study 2, this outcome was measured using 5 point scales. For all analyses, these Patient Confidence outcomes from a and b were rescaled to match the 1-5 point range from Study 2.
Approximately 10 minutes
Believed Symptom Checker over Doctor
Tijdsspanne: Approximately 10 minutes
"Which diagnosis do you think is more likely to be correct?" [the doctor's diagnosis (0); online symptom checker (1)]
Approximately 10 minutes
Likelihood of Requesting more Tests
Tijdsspanne: Approximately 10 minutes
"Would you ask the doctor to perform additional diagnostic tests? (Such as the CT scan recommended by the Symptom Checker)." [definitely not (1); probably not (2); might or might not (3); probably (4); definitely (5)]
Approximately 10 minutes
Patient Satisfaction: scale
Tijdsspanne: Approximately 10 minutes

"What number would you use to rate your care during this emergency room visit?" Study 1: [0 (worse possible care) to 100 (best possible care)] Study 2: [0 (worse possible care) to 10 (best possible care)]*

*In Study 1, the Patient Satisfaction was measured using a 0-100 point scale. In Study 2, this was measured using a 10 point scale. For all analyses, this Patient Satisfaction outcome from Study 1 was rescaled to match the 0-10 point range in Study 2.
Approximately 10 minutes
Likelihood to Recommend
Tijdsspanne: Approximately 10 minutes
"Would you recommend this doctor to your friends and family?" [definitely not (1); probably not (2); might or might not (3); probably (4); definitely (5)]
Approximately 10 minutes

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Warmth and Competence
Tijdsspanne: Approximately 10 minutes
  1. Study 1: "How do you imagine this doctor would be in a real interaction?". 7-item scale: Tolerant, Warm, Sincere, Good-natured, Intelligent, Competent, Confident.

  2. Study 2: "Based on the doctor's diagnosis, to what extent do you find [him/her]". 6-item scale: Kind, Qualified, Intelligent, Competent, Open-minded, Trustworthy.

    • Warmth and Competence were measured in Study 1 (7-item scale) and Study 2 (6-item scale).
Approximately 10 minutes
Willingness to sue or complain
Tijdsspanne: Approximately 10 minutes

"You take the doctor's advice and go home. Over the next few days, the pain in your abdomen got worse and you returned to the hospital where you were diagnosed with appendicitis. Your appendix had burst and you developed a serious infection. This required emergency surgery and an extended stay in the hospital's intensive Care Unit"*

  1. "Would you file a complaint against this doctor?" [5 = "Definitely"; 4 = "Probably"; 3 = "Might or might not"; 2 = "Probably not"; 1 = "Definitely not"]

  2. "Would you consider suing this doctors?" [5 = "Definitely"; 4 = "Probably"; 3 = "Might or might not"; 2 = "Probably not"; 1 = "Definitely not"]

    • Willingness to sue or complain was only measured in Study 2.
Approximately 10 minutes
Fairness of the cost
Tijdsspanne: Approximately 10 minutes

"You would be charged about $350 for this emergency department visit. How fair do you think this charge is?" [0 = "Completely unfair" to 100 = "Completely Fair"]*

*Fairness of the cost was only measured in Study 1.
Approximately 10 minutes

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Yale University

Publicaties en nuttige links

De persoon die verantwoordelijk is voor het invoeren van informatie over het onderzoek stelt deze publicaties vrijwillig ter beschikking. Dit kan gaan over alles wat met het onderzoek te maken heeft.

Algemene publicaties

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

9 maart 2018

Primaire voltooiing (Werkelijk)

31 juli 2018

Studie voltooiing (Werkelijk)

31 juli 2018

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

18 november 2019

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

5 december 2019

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

9 december 2019

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

21 juli 2020

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

18 juli 2020

Laatst geverifieerd

1 juli 2020

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • 2000022317
  • 12916 (AsPredicted.org)
  • 9068 (Andere identificatie: AsPredicted.org)

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

JA

Beschrijving IPD-plan

We will make the data available upon individual request.

IPD-tijdsbestek voor delen

All data and replication code will be posted on an open-source website after the manuscript is accepted.

IPD-toegangscriteria voor delen

We have no restrictions on access. All data and replication code will be posted on an open-source website after the manuscript is accepted.

IPD delen Ondersteunend informatietype

  • LEERPROTOCOOL
  • SAP
  • ICF
  • ANALYTIC_CODE

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

Deze informatie is zonder wijzigingen rechtstreeks van de website clinicaltrials.gov gehaald. Als u verzoeken heeft om uw onderzoeksgegevens te wijzigen, te verwijderen of bij te werken, neem dan contact op met register@clinicaltrials.gov. Zodra er een wijziging wordt doorgevoerd op clinicaltrials.gov, wordt deze ook automatisch bijgewerkt op onze website .

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