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Effects of Virtual Reality After Liver Transplantation (VR-LT)

5 mei 2026 bijgewerkt door: Bilsev DEMIR, Malatya Turgut Ozal University

Effects of Virtual Reality on Pain, Fatigue and Vital Signs After Liver Transplantation A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled study aims to evaluate the effects of a virtual reality intervention on pain, fatigue and vital signs in patients during the early postoperative period after liver transplantation. Postoperative symptoms such as pain and fatigue may negatively affect recovery and patient comfort. Virtual reality has emerged as a non-pharmacological method that may help reduce these symptoms by providing distraction and relaxation.

A total of 84 patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group received a 20-minute virtual reality session, while the control group received standard care. Pain, fatigue and vital signs were measured before and after the intervention.

This study aims to determine whether virtual reality can improve patient comfort and physiological stability and support recovery after liver transplantation.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Voltooid

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

This study was designed as a prospective, randomized controlled, single-blind trial to evaluate the effects of a virtual reality intervention on pain, fatigue, and vital signs in patients during the early postoperative period after liver transplantation.

Liver transplantation is a life-saving procedure; however, patients frequently experience postoperative symptoms such as pain and fatigue, which may negatively affect recovery, physiological stability, and overall patient comfort. Non-pharmacological interventions have gained increasing attention in recent years as supportive approaches to improve postoperative outcomes. Virtual reality is an emerging technology that provides immersive distraction and relaxation, potentially reducing symptom perception and enhancing patient well-being.

The study was conducted in the organ transplantation clinic of a university hospital between May 2025 and January 2026. A total of 84 patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=42) or the control group (n=42) using a computer-based randomization method.

Patients in the experimental group received a 20-minute virtual reality intervention during the early postoperative period, while patients in the control group received standard care without additional intervention. Pain levels were assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), fatigue levels were measured using the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), and vital signs including heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were recorded. All measurements were obtained before the intervention and 15 minutes after the intervention.

The primary objective of the study was to determine the effect of virtual reality on fatigue levels. Secondary outcomes included pain and vital signs. Data were analysed using appropriate statistical methods, and statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

This study aims to contribute to the evidence base regarding the effectiveness of virtual reality as a non-pharmacological nursing intervention and to support its integration into clinical practice to improve postoperative care in liver transplantation patients.

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Werkelijk)

84

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studie Locaties

  • Turkije (Türkiye)
      • Malatya, Turkije (Türkiye)
        • Inonu University Liver Transplantation Institute

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Volwassen
  • Oudere volwassene

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Nee

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age ≥18 years
  • Underwent liver transplantation
  • In the early postoperative period
  • Able to communicate verbally
  • No diagnosed psychiatric disorder
  • Hemodynamically stable
  • Pain score ≥4 on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)
  • Willing to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Presence of severe postoperative complications
  • Cognitive impairment or inability to understand instructions
  • Visual or hearing impairments preventing use of virtual reality
  • History of motion sickness or vertigo related to virtual reality use
  • Chronic diseases that may affect fatigue or vital signs (e.g., uncontrolled cardiovascular or respiratory diseases)
  • Refusal to participate

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Behandeling
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Enkel

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Experimenteel: Experimental Group
Participants received a 20 minute virtual reality intervention during the early postoperative period following liver transplantation. The intervention was administered using a head mounted display and aimed to reduce fatigue and improve physiological parameters
Gedragsmatig: Virtual Reality Intervention
A 20 minute immersive virtual reality session was administered using a headmounted display during the early postoperative period following liver transplantation.
Actieve vergelijker: Control Group
Participants received routine postoperative care without any additional intervention
Ander: Standard Care
Participants received routine postoperative care without any additional intervention

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Change in fatigue severity
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in fatigue severity measured using the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) total score (range: 0-10; higher scores indicate greater fatigue)
Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Change in pain intensity
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Measured using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) (range: 0-10; higher scores indicate greater pain)
Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in heart rate (beats per minute)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in heart rate measured in beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate was recorded as part of routine vital sign monitoring to evaluate the physiological response to the virtual reality intervention. Lower values may indicate improved relaxation and autonomic stability.
Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Blood pressure was recorded as part of routine vital sign monitoring to evaluate the cardiovascular response to the virtual reality intervention. Lower values may indicate improved physiological stability and relaxation.
Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Blood pressure was assessed as part of routine vital sign monitoring to evaluate the cardiovascular response to the intervention. Lower values may indicate improved physiological stability.
Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Malatya Turgut Ozal University

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

1 mei 2025

Primaire voltooiing (Werkelijk)

31 januari 2026

Studie voltooiing (Werkelijk)

31 januari 2026

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

24 april 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

5 mei 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

7 mei 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

7 mei 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

5 mei 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 mei 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • 25H04 (Ander subsidie-/financieringsnummer: Malatya Turgut Ozal University Scientific Research Projects Unit)

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

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