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Effects of Virtual Reality After Liver Transplantation (VR-LT)

5. maj 2026 opdateret af: Bilsev DEMIR, Malatya Turgut Ozal University

Effects of Virtual Reality on Pain, Fatigue and Vital Signs After Liver Transplantation A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled study aims to evaluate the effects of a virtual reality intervention on pain, fatigue and vital signs in patients during the early postoperative period after liver transplantation. Postoperative symptoms such as pain and fatigue may negatively affect recovery and patient comfort. Virtual reality has emerged as a non-pharmacological method that may help reduce these symptoms by providing distraction and relaxation.

A total of 84 patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group received a 20-minute virtual reality session, while the control group received standard care. Pain, fatigue and vital signs were measured before and after the intervention.

This study aims to determine whether virtual reality can improve patient comfort and physiological stability and support recovery after liver transplantation.

Studieoversigt

Status

Afsluttet

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

This study was designed as a prospective, randomized controlled, single-blind trial to evaluate the effects of a virtual reality intervention on pain, fatigue, and vital signs in patients during the early postoperative period after liver transplantation.

Liver transplantation is a life-saving procedure; however, patients frequently experience postoperative symptoms such as pain and fatigue, which may negatively affect recovery, physiological stability, and overall patient comfort. Non-pharmacological interventions have gained increasing attention in recent years as supportive approaches to improve postoperative outcomes. Virtual reality is an emerging technology that provides immersive distraction and relaxation, potentially reducing symptom perception and enhancing patient well-being.

The study was conducted in the organ transplantation clinic of a university hospital between May 2025 and January 2026. A total of 84 patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=42) or the control group (n=42) using a computer-based randomization method.

Patients in the experimental group received a 20-minute virtual reality intervention during the early postoperative period, while patients in the control group received standard care without additional intervention. Pain levels were assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), fatigue levels were measured using the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), and vital signs including heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were recorded. All measurements were obtained before the intervention and 15 minutes after the intervention.

The primary objective of the study was to determine the effect of virtual reality on fatigue levels. Secondary outcomes included pain and vital signs. Data were analysed using appropriate statistical methods, and statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

This study aims to contribute to the evidence base regarding the effectiveness of virtual reality as a non-pharmacological nursing intervention and to support its integration into clinical practice to improve postoperative care in liver transplantation patients.

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Tilmelding (Faktiske)

84

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Kontakter og lokationer

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Studiesteder

  • Tyrkiet (Türkiye)
      • Malatya, Tyrkiet (Türkiye)
        • Inonu University Liver Transplantation Institute

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Voksen
  • Ældre voksen

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Ingen

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age ≥18 years
  • Underwent liver transplantation
  • In the early postoperative period
  • Able to communicate verbally
  • No diagnosed psychiatric disorder
  • Hemodynamically stable
  • Pain score ≥4 on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)
  • Willing to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Presence of severe postoperative complications
  • Cognitive impairment or inability to understand instructions
  • Visual or hearing impairments preventing use of virtual reality
  • History of motion sickness or vertigo related to virtual reality use
  • Chronic diseases that may affect fatigue or vital signs (e.g., uncontrolled cardiovascular or respiratory diseases)
  • Refusal to participate

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Behandling
  • Tildeling: Randomiseret
  • Interventionel model: Parallel tildeling
  • Maskning: Enkelt

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Eksperimentel: Experimental Group
Participants received a 20 minute virtual reality intervention during the early postoperative period following liver transplantation. The intervention was administered using a head mounted display and aimed to reduce fatigue and improve physiological parameters
Adfærdsmæssigt: Virtual Reality Intervention
A 20 minute immersive virtual reality session was administered using a headmounted display during the early postoperative period following liver transplantation.
Aktiv komparator: Control Group
Participants received routine postoperative care without any additional intervention
Andet: Standard Care
Participants received routine postoperative care without any additional intervention

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Change in fatigue severity
Tidsramme: Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in fatigue severity measured using the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) total score (range: 0-10; higher scores indicate greater fatigue)
Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Change in pain intensity
Tidsramme: Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Measured using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) (range: 0-10; higher scores indicate greater pain)
Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in heart rate (beats per minute)
Tidsramme: Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in heart rate measured in beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate was recorded as part of routine vital sign monitoring to evaluate the physiological response to the virtual reality intervention. Lower values may indicate improved relaxation and autonomic stability.
Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Tidsramme: Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Blood pressure was recorded as part of routine vital sign monitoring to evaluate the cardiovascular response to the virtual reality intervention. Lower values may indicate improved physiological stability and relaxation.
Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Tidsramme: Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention
Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Blood pressure was assessed as part of routine vital sign monitoring to evaluate the cardiovascular response to the intervention. Lower values may indicate improved physiological stability.
Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

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Sponsor

Malatya Turgut Ozal University

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

1. maj 2025

Primær færdiggørelse (Faktiske)

31. januar 2026

Studieafslutning (Faktiske)

31. januar 2026

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

24. april 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

5. maj 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

7. maj 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

7. maj 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

5. maj 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. maj 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Nøgleord

Yderligere relevante MeSH-vilkår

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • 25H04 (Andet bevillings-/finansieringsnummer: Malatya Turgut Ozal University Scientific Research Projects Unit)

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Kliniske forsøg med Levertransplantation

Kliniske forsøg med Virtual Reality Intervention

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