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Relative Age and Passing Performance in Pre-adolescent Football Players (RAE-LSPT)

21 juli 2026 bijgewerkt door: Édison Andrés Pérez Bedoya, Federal University of Vicosa

Relative Age and Passing Performance in Pre-adolescent Football Players: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test

This completed cross-sectional observational study examined whether relative age within an annual selection cycle was associated with passing performance in pre-adolescent football players. Participants were classified by birth month, birth quarter and birth semester. Passing performance was assessed using the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, in which players completed 16 passes to colour-coded targets as quickly and accurately as possible. Total performance time combined movement time, time penalties for errors and time bonuses for accurate passes. The study evaluated the distribution of players across the selection year and the association between relative age and passing-test performance while accounting for the two chronological birth cohorts represented in the sample.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Voltooid

Conditie

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

Annual age grouping in youth football can create a relative age effect, characterised by the over-representation of players born earlier in the selection year. This pattern is often attributed to temporary developmental advantages, but it is unclear whether earlier-born pre-adolescent players also demonstrate superior technical performance.

The study used a cross-sectional observational design in a youth football development programme in Bello, Colombia. The source cohort contained 61 participant records. Birth month was used to classify players into four relative-age quarters: Q1 (January-March), Q2 (April-June), Q3 (July-September) and Q4 (October-December), and into two semesters: H1 (January-June) and H2 (July-December).

Passing performance was measured with the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test. Players were scheduled to complete two trials separated by five minutes. Each trial comprised 16 externally cued passes to four colour-coded target areas. Movement time was adjusted by adding penalties for inaccurate execution or protocol violations and subtracting bonuses for striking the central target strip. Lower total performance time indicated better performance. The primary technical outcome was the mean total performance time across available trials. Sensitivity outcomes included Trial 1 and the best trial.

The primary analysis estimated the association between birth month and LSPT total performance time after adjustment for birth cohort. Additional analyses examined representation by quarter and semester and agreement between the two LSPT trials. Data collection was completed in 2017. The study is being registered retrospectively in 2026 to improve transparency and support public sharing of the anonymised dataset and analysis materials.

Studietype

Observationeel

Inschrijving (Werkelijk)

61

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studie Locaties

  • Colombia
    • Antioquia
      • Guarne, Antioquia, Colombia, 054080
        • Tecnológico de Antioquia

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Kind

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

NVT

Bemonsteringsmethode

Niet-waarschijnlijkheidssteekproef

Studie Bevolking

Pre-adolescent football players enrolled in a youth football development programme in Bello, Antioquia, Colombia. Participants were recruited from the available programme roster using a non-probability, programme-based sample. The study included players from two chronological birth cohorts and classified them according to position within the annual selection year.

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Registered or actively participating in the selected youth football development programme in Bello, Colombia during the assessment period.
  • Date of birth available in the programme roster.
  • Able to undertake the football passing assessment.
  • Written parent or legal guardian consent and child assent.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Acute injury, illness or medical restriction preventing safe completion of the LSPT [retain only if this was an actual criterion].
  • Unable to complete the required familiarisation or test procedure.
  • Missing date-of-birth information.
  • No valid LSPT trial available for inclusion in the primary analytical sample.

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

Cohorten en interventies

Groep / Cohort
Group 1
Q1 - Players born from January to March
Group 2
Q2 - Players born from April to June
Group 3
Q3 - Players born from July to September
Group 4
Q4 - Players born from October to December

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Mean LSPT total performance time
Tijdsspanne: Day 1
Mean of all available LSPT trial total performance times, expressed in seconds. For each trial, total performance time was calculated as movement time plus penalty time minus bonus time. Lower values indicate better performance.
Day 1
Number of participants in each relative-age quarter
Tijdsspanne: Baseline
Count of participants classified as Q1 (January-March), Q2 (April-June), Q3 (July-September) or Q4 (October-December), based on the date of birth recorded in the programme roster.
Baseline

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
LSPT Trial 1 total performance time
Tijdsspanne: Day 1
Trial 1 movement time plus penalty time minus bonus time, expressed in seconds.
Day 1
Best LSPT total performance time
Tijdsspanne: Day 1
Lowest total performance time recorded across the participant's available LSPT trials, expressed in seconds. Two trials were scheduled five minutes apart.
Day 1
Number of participants in each relative-age semester
Tijdsspanne: Baseline
Count of participants classified as H1 (January-June) or H2 (July-December), based on the date of birth recorded in the programme roster.
Baseline
Difference between Trial 2 and Trial 1 total performance time
Tijdsspanne: Day 1
Trial 2 total performance time minus Trial 1 total performance time, expressed in seconds, among participants who completed both trials. The two trials were scheduled five minutes apart.
Day 1

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Federal University of Vicosa

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

15 januari 2024

Primaire voltooiing (Werkelijk)

15 januari 2024

Studie voltooiing (Werkelijk)

20 maart 2024

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

16 juli 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

21 juli 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

27 juli 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

27 juli 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

21 juli 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 juli 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • RAE-LSPT-2017-01

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

JA

Beschrijving IPD-plan

The de-identified individual participant data underlying the results reported in the associated article will be made publicly available in Zenodo. The shared materials will include the participant-level analytical dataset, data dictionary, metadata, and reproducible analysis code. Names, identity-document numbers, exact dates of birth, contact information, and any participant re-identification key will not be shared. Data will become available when the Zenodo record is released, no later than publication of the primary article, and will remain available indefinitely under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. Access will be open and will not require submission or approval of a research proposal.

IPD-tijdsbestek voor delen

Data will be available from the public release of the Zenodo record, no later than publication of the primary article, and will remain available indefinitely.

IPD-toegangscriteria voor delen

The data and supporting materials will be publicly accessible through Zenodo without the need for a formal request, research proposal, data-use agreement, or approval by the study investigators.

IPD delen Ondersteunend informatietype

  • LEERPROTOCOOL
  • SAP
  • ANALYTIC_CODE

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

Deze informatie is zonder wijzigingen rechtstreeks van de website clinicaltrials.gov gehaald. Als u verzoeken heeft om uw onderzoeksgegevens te wijzigen, te verwijderen of bij te werken, neem dan contact op met register@clinicaltrials.gov. Zodra er een wijziging wordt doorgevoerd op clinicaltrials.gov, wordt deze ook automatisch bijgewerkt op onze website .

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