Buprenorphine in Acute Renal Colic Pain Management

Inclusion Criteria:

• clinical diagnosis of acute renal colic; positive urinalysis of hematuria; pain score more than 3 in Numerical Rating Score (NRS); patients sign the informed consent to enroll.

Exclusion Criteria:

• previous history of seizures; cardiovascular, hepatic, renal or metabolic diseases;
• febrile patients (T > 38°C);
• hemodynamically unstable patients ( Systolic Blood Pressure < 90 mmHg);
• pregnant patients;
• patients with abdominal tenderness as a sign of peritoneal inflammation;
• any clinical suspicion for diseases other than urolithiasis like abdominal aortic aneurysm or dissection;
• patients with a history of drug addiction or known allergy to opioids;
• patients who had used analgesics 6 hours before arriving.