Evaluating In-line Chlorination in Nigeria
2026年5月14日 更新者：Amy Janel Pickering、University of California, Berkeley
In-line Chlorination for Drinking Water Treatment in Nigeria
This study evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of in-line chlorination (ILC) for improving drinking water quality in rural Nigeria.
Unsafe drinking water remains a major contributor to diarrheal disease, particularly among children under five.
Inline chlorination is a passive water treatment approach that automatically doses chlorine at community water systems without requiring electricity or daily user action.
Two cluster randomized controlled trials will be conducted in Kano State (North-West Nigeria) and Cross River State (South-South Nigeria).
Communities will be randomized to either receive in-line chlorination installed at eligible communal water systems or serve as controls with no chlorination.
The unit of randomization is a community or a cluster of communities that share water system for drinking water.
The primary objective is to estimate the causal impact of in-line chlorination on household drinking water quality.
Outcomes include the prevalence of Escherichia coli contamination in tap water and stored household water as well as the presence of free chlorine residual.
Secondary objectives assess water source usage and adoption of chlorinated sources, as well as reduction in diarrheal disease.
Implementation fidelity and operational performance of chlorination devices will also be monitored.
研究概览
研究类型
介入性
注册 (估计的)
2655
阶段
- 不适用
联系人和位置
本节提供了进行研究的人员的详细联系信息，以及有关进行该研究的地点的信息。
学习联系方式
- 姓名：Amy J Pickering
- 电话号码：+1.510.410.2666
- 邮箱：pickering@berkeley.edu
研究联系人备份
- 姓名：Elisa M Maffioli
- 电话号码：+1.443.875.4930
- 邮箱：elisamaf@umich.edu
学习地点
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Cross River State
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Yala、Cross River State、尼日利亚
- Yala LGA
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接触：
- Gbenga Adedayo
- 电话号码：+234.805.602.6845
- 邮箱：gadedayo@hanovialimited.com
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Kano State
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Makuda、Kano State、尼日利亚
- Makoda LGA
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接触：
- Gbenga Adedayo
- 电话号码：+234.805.602.6845
- 邮箱：gadedayo@hanovialimited.com
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参与标准
研究人员寻找符合特定描述的人，称为资格标准。这些标准的一些例子是一个人的一般健康状况或先前的治疗。
资格标准
适合学习的年龄
- 孩子
- 成人
- 年长者
接受健康志愿者
是的
描述
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adult (18+) or emancipated minor (15+) pregnant women and women with children under 5 years old who do not plan to permanently move in the next 12 months.
- Must be knowledgeable about the household's water collection and management practices
Exclusion Criteria:
- Non-age-eligible women. Men and non-emancipated minors. Women who do not consent.
学习计划
本节提供研究计划的详细信息，包括研究的设计方式和研究的衡量标准。
研究是如何设计的？
设计细节
- 主要用途：预防
- 分配：随机化
- 介入模型：并行分配
- 屏蔽：无（打开标签）
武器和干预
参与者组/臂 |
干预/治疗 |
|---|---|
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实验性的：Arm 1: Inline Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)
Communities randomized to this arm will receive inline chlorination installed at eligible communal drinking water systems, such as boreholes or handpumps, and behavioral change communication.
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In-line chlorination devices will be installed on all compatible communal water systems within treatment communities.
Devices automatically dose chlorine proportional to water flow without requiring electricity or daily user input.
Technologies will include TuriTap liquid dosers installed at handpumps and CTI-8 tablet dosers installed at tanks or piped systems.
Devices will be calibrated and routinely monitored to maintain chlorine residual within recommended ranges.
In addition to device installation, communities will participate in behavior change communication (BCC) activities designed to support understanding and acceptance of chlorinated water.
BCC activities will include community sensitization meetings conducted by the implementing partner.
Meetings will provide information on the purpose of chlorination through the in-line chlorination devices, expected benefits and limitations, safe water handling practices, and guidance for addressing taste or odor concerns.
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无干预：Arm 2: Control (No Chlorination)
Communities randomized to this arm will not receive inline chlorination during the study period and will continue their usual water collection and treatment practices.
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研究衡量的是什么？
主要结果指标
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
|---|---|---|
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Proportion of water source samples with detectable free chlorine residual.
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Measured as >0.1 ppm.
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Proportion of household stored drinking water samples with detectable free chlorine residual.
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Measured as >0.1 ppm.
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Proportion of household stored drinking water samples positive for Escherichia coli.
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Measured as >1 MPN/100 mL of water by culture-based assay
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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次要结果测量
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
|---|---|---|
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Proportion of water source samples with detectable total chlorine residual.
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Measured as >0.1 ppm.
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Concentration of E. coli in water source samples
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Concentration of E. coli (in log10 MPN/100ml) in water source samples by culture-based assay
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Concentration of E. coli in household stored water samples
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Concentration of E. coli (in log10 MPN/100ml) in household stored water samples by culture-based assay
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Concentration of total coliform bacteria in water source samples
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Concentration of total coliform bacteria (MPN/100mL) in water source samples
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Concentration of total coliform bacteria in household stored water samples
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Concentration of total coliform bacteria (MPN/100mL) in household stored water samples
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhea among children under five years of age
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Measured as the proportion of children under five reported by caregivers to have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey.
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhea among household members, any age
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Measured as the proportion of individuals surveyed in the household that have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey.
Measured for subset of available respondents.
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Prevalence of diarrhea among female caregivers
大体时间：Time frame - About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Measured as the proportion of respondents that have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey.
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Time frame - About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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其他结果措施
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
|---|---|---|
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Proportion of households reporting an ILC-compatible water source as their primary drinking water source
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Measured as the percentage of surveyed households identifying an ILC-compatible water system as their source of drinking water.
ILC-compatible water systems (boreholes, piped systems, or handpumps have chlorinated water in treatment)
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Proportion of households switching away from ILC-treated water sources
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Measured as the percentage of households that discontinue use of a chlorinated water system for drinking water compared to baseline.
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Proportion of households reporting any household-level water treatment
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Measured as the percentage of households reporting treatment of drinking water prior to consumption (e.g., boiling, filtration, manual chlorination).
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Time spent on household-level water treatment
大体时间：About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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Time (minutes) reported by households per day on making water safer to drink (gender stratified)
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About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
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合作者和调查者
在这里您可以找到参与这项研究的人员和组织。
调查人员
- 首席研究员：Amy J Pickering、University of California, Berkeley
- 首席研究员：Elisa M Maffioli、University of Michigan
- 首席研究员：Adamu I Tanko, PhD、Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
出版物和有用的链接
负责输入研究信息的人员自愿提供这些出版物。这些可能与研究有关。
一般刊物
- Lindmark M, Cherukumilli K, Crider YS, Marcenac P, Lozier M, Voth-Gaeddert L, Lantagne DS, Mihelcic JR, Zhang QM, Just C, Pickering AJ. Passive In-Line Chlorination for Drinking Water Disinfection: A Critical Review. Environ Sci Technol. 2022 Jul 5;56(13):9164-9181. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08580. Epub 2022 Jun 14.
- Pickering AJ, Crider Y, Sultana S, Swarthout J, Goddard FG, Anjerul Islam S, Sen S, Ayyagari R, Luby SP. Effect of in-line drinking water chlorination at the point of collection on child diarrhoea in urban Bangladesh: a double-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2019 Sep;7(9):e1247-e1256. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30315-8.
研究记录日期
这些日期跟踪向 ClinicalTrials.gov 提交研究记录和摘要结果的进度。研究记录和报告的结果由国家医学图书馆 (NLM) 审查，以确保它们在发布到公共网站之前符合特定的质量控制标准。
研究主要日期
学习开始 (估计的)
2026年5月26日
初级完成 (估计的)
2027年12月31日
研究完成 (估计的)
2027年12月31日
研究注册日期
首次提交
2026年5月14日
首先提交符合 QC 标准的
2026年5月14日
首次发布 (实际的)
2026年5月22日
研究记录更新
最后更新发布 (实际的)
2026年5月22日
上次提交的符合 QC 标准的更新
2026年5月14日
最后验证
2026年5月1日
更多信息
与本研究相关的术语
其他相关的 MeSH 术语
其他研究编号
- 2025-08-18832
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