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Evaluating In-line Chlorination in Nigeria

14 maj 2026 uppdaterad av: Amy Janel Pickering, University of California, Berkeley

In-line Chlorination for Drinking Water Treatment in Nigeria

This study evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of in-line chlorination (ILC) for improving drinking water quality in rural Nigeria. Unsafe drinking water remains a major contributor to diarrheal disease, particularly among children under five. Inline chlorination is a passive water treatment approach that automatically doses chlorine at community water systems without requiring electricity or daily user action. Two cluster randomized controlled trials will be conducted in Kano State (North-West Nigeria) and Cross River State (South-South Nigeria). Communities will be randomized to either receive in-line chlorination installed at eligible communal water systems or serve as controls with no chlorination. The unit of randomization is a community or a cluster of communities that share water system for drinking water. The primary objective is to estimate the causal impact of in-line chlorination on household drinking water quality. Outcomes include the prevalence of Escherichia coli contamination in tap water and stored household water as well as the presence of free chlorine residual. Secondary objectives assess water source usage and adoption of chlorinated sources, as well as reduction in diarrheal disease. Implementation fidelity and operational performance of chlorination devices will also be monitored.

Studieöversikt

Status

Har inte rekryterat ännu

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Studietyp

Interventionell

Inskrivning (Beräknad)

2655

Fas

  • Inte tillämpbar

Kontakter och platser

Det här avsnittet innehåller kontaktuppgifter för dem som genomför studien och information om var denna studie genomförs.

Studiekontakt

Studera Kontakt Backup

Studieorter

  • Nigeria
    • Cross River State
      • Yala, Cross River State, Nigeria
    • Kano State

Deltagandekriterier

Forskare letar efter personer som passar en viss beskrivning, så kallade behörighetskriterier. Några exempel på dessa kriterier är en persons allmänna hälsotillstånd eller tidigare behandlingar.

Urvalskriterier

Åldrar som är berättigade till studier

  • Barn
  • Vuxen
  • Äldre vuxen

Tar emot friska volontärer

Ja

Beskrivning

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Adult (18+) or emancipated minor (15+) pregnant women and women with children under 5 years old who do not plan to permanently move in the next 12 months.
  • Must be knowledgeable about the household's water collection and management practices

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Non-age-eligible women. Men and non-emancipated minors. Women who do not consent.

Studieplan

Det här avsnittet ger detaljer om studieplanen, inklusive hur studien är utformad och vad studien mäter.

Hur är studien utformad?

Designdetaljer

  • Primärt syfte: Förebyggande
  • Tilldelning: Randomiserad
  • Interventionsmodell: Parallellt uppdrag
  • Maskning: Ingen (Open Label)

Vapen och interventioner

Deltagargrupp / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Experimentell: Arm 1: Inline Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)
Communities randomized to this arm will receive inline chlorination installed at eligible communal drinking water systems, such as boreholes or handpumps, and behavioral change communication.
Enhet: In-line Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)
In-line chlorination devices will be installed on all compatible communal water systems within treatment communities. Devices automatically dose chlorine proportional to water flow without requiring electricity or daily user input. Technologies will include TuriTap liquid dosers installed at handpumps and CTI-8 tablet dosers installed at tanks or piped systems. Devices will be calibrated and routinely monitored to maintain chlorine residual within recommended ranges. In addition to device installation, communities will participate in behavior change communication (BCC) activities designed to support understanding and acceptance of chlorinated water. BCC activities will include community sensitization meetings conducted by the implementing partner. Meetings will provide information on the purpose of chlorination through the in-line chlorination devices, expected benefits and limitations, safe water handling practices, and guidance for addressing taste or odor concerns.
Inget ingripande: Arm 2: Control (No Chlorination)
Communities randomized to this arm will not receive inline chlorination during the study period and will continue their usual water collection and treatment practices.

Vad mäter studien?

Primära resultatmått

Resultatmått
Åtgärdsbeskrivning
Tidsram
Proportion of water source samples with detectable free chlorine residual.
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >0.1 ppm.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of household stored drinking water samples with detectable free chlorine residual.
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >0.1 ppm.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of household stored drinking water samples positive for Escherichia coli.
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >1 MPN/100 mL of water by culture-based assay
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

Sekundära resultatmått

Resultatmått
Åtgärdsbeskrivning
Tidsram
Proportion of water source samples with detectable total chlorine residual.
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >0.1 ppm.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli in water source samples
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli (in log10 MPN/100ml) in water source samples by culture-based assay
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli in household stored water samples
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli (in log10 MPN/100ml) in household stored water samples by culture-based assay
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria in water source samples
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria (MPN/100mL) in water source samples
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria in household stored water samples
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria (MPN/100mL) in household stored water samples
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhea among children under five years of age
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the proportion of children under five reported by caregivers to have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhea among household members, any age
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the proportion of individuals surveyed in the household that have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey. Measured for subset of available respondents.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Prevalence of diarrhea among female caregivers
Tidsram: Time frame - About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the proportion of respondents that have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey.
Time frame - About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

Andra resultatmått

Resultatmått
Åtgärdsbeskrivning
Tidsram
Proportion of households reporting an ILC-compatible water source as their primary drinking water source
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the percentage of surveyed households identifying an ILC-compatible water system as their source of drinking water. ILC-compatible water systems (boreholes, piped systems, or handpumps have chlorinated water in treatment)
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of households switching away from ILC-treated water sources
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the percentage of households that discontinue use of a chlorinated water system for drinking water compared to baseline.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of households reporting any household-level water treatment
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the percentage of households reporting treatment of drinking water prior to consumption (e.g., boiling, filtration, manual chlorination).
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Time spent on household-level water treatment
Tidsram: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Time (minutes) reported by households per day on making water safer to drink (gender stratified)
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

Samarbetspartners och utredare

Det är här du hittar personer och organisationer som är involverade i denna studie.

Sponsor

University of California, Berkeley

Samarbetspartners

University of Michigan
Bayero University Kano, Nigeria

Utredare

  • Huvudutredare: Amy J Pickering, University of California, Berkeley
  • Huvudutredare: Elisa M Maffioli, University of Michigan
  • Huvudutredare: Adamu I Tanko, PhD, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria

Publikationer och användbara länkar

Den som ansvarar för att lägga in information om studien tillhandahåller frivilligt dessa publikationer. Dessa kan handla om allt som har med studien att göra.

Allmänna publikationer

Studieavstämningsdatum

Dessa datum spårar framstegen för inlämningar av studieposter och sammanfattande resultat till ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieposter och rapporterade resultat granskas av National Library of Medicine (NLM) för att säkerställa att de uppfyller specifika kvalitetskontrollstandarder innan de publiceras på den offentliga webbplatsen.

Studera stora datum

Studiestart (Beräknad)

26 maj 2026

Primärt slutförande (Beräknad)

31 december 2027

Avslutad studie (Beräknad)

31 december 2027

Studieregistreringsdatum

Först inskickad

14 maj 2026

Först inskickad som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna

14 maj 2026

Första postat (Faktisk)

22 maj 2026

Uppdateringar av studier

Senaste uppdatering publicerad (Faktisk)

22 maj 2026

Senaste inskickade uppdateringen som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna

14 maj 2026

Senast verifierad

1 maj 2026

Mer information

Termer relaterade till denna studie

Nyckelord

Ytterligare relevanta MeSH-villkor

Andra studie-ID-nummer

  • 2025-08-18832

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