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Evaluating In-line Chlorination in Nigeria

14. maj 2026 opdateret af: Amy Janel Pickering, University of California, Berkeley

In-line Chlorination for Drinking Water Treatment in Nigeria

This study evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of in-line chlorination (ILC) for improving drinking water quality in rural Nigeria. Unsafe drinking water remains a major contributor to diarrheal disease, particularly among children under five. Inline chlorination is a passive water treatment approach that automatically doses chlorine at community water systems without requiring electricity or daily user action. Two cluster randomized controlled trials will be conducted in Kano State (North-West Nigeria) and Cross River State (South-South Nigeria). Communities will be randomized to either receive in-line chlorination installed at eligible communal water systems or serve as controls with no chlorination. The unit of randomization is a community or a cluster of communities that share water system for drinking water. The primary objective is to estimate the causal impact of in-line chlorination on household drinking water quality. Outcomes include the prevalence of Escherichia coli contamination in tap water and stored household water as well as the presence of free chlorine residual. Secondary objectives assess water source usage and adoption of chlorinated sources, as well as reduction in diarrheal disease. Implementation fidelity and operational performance of chlorination devices will also be monitored.

Studieoversigt

Status

Ikke rekrutterer endnu

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Tilmelding (Anslået)

2655

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Kontakter og lokationer

Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.

Studiekontakt

Undersøgelse Kontakt Backup

Studiesteder

  • Nigeria
    • Cross River State
      • Yala, Cross River State, Nigeria
    • Kano State

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Barn
  • Voksen
  • Ældre voksen

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ja

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Adult (18+) or emancipated minor (15+) pregnant women and women with children under 5 years old who do not plan to permanently move in the next 12 months.
  • Must be knowledgeable about the household's water collection and management practices

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Non-age-eligible women. Men and non-emancipated minors. Women who do not consent.

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Forebyggelse
  • Tildeling: Randomiseret
  • Interventionel model: Parallel tildeling
  • Maskning: Ingen (Åben etiket)

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Eksperimentel: Arm 1: Inline Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)
Communities randomized to this arm will receive inline chlorination installed at eligible communal drinking water systems, such as boreholes or handpumps, and behavioral change communication.
Enhed: In-line Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)
In-line chlorination devices will be installed on all compatible communal water systems within treatment communities. Devices automatically dose chlorine proportional to water flow without requiring electricity or daily user input. Technologies will include TuriTap liquid dosers installed at handpumps and CTI-8 tablet dosers installed at tanks or piped systems. Devices will be calibrated and routinely monitored to maintain chlorine residual within recommended ranges. In addition to device installation, communities will participate in behavior change communication (BCC) activities designed to support understanding and acceptance of chlorinated water. BCC activities will include community sensitization meetings conducted by the implementing partner. Meetings will provide information on the purpose of chlorination through the in-line chlorination devices, expected benefits and limitations, safe water handling practices, and guidance for addressing taste or odor concerns.
Ingen indgriben: Arm 2: Control (No Chlorination)
Communities randomized to this arm will not receive inline chlorination during the study period and will continue their usual water collection and treatment practices.

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Proportion of water source samples with detectable free chlorine residual.
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >0.1 ppm.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of household stored drinking water samples with detectable free chlorine residual.
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >0.1 ppm.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of household stored drinking water samples positive for Escherichia coli.
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >1 MPN/100 mL of water by culture-based assay
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Proportion of water source samples with detectable total chlorine residual.
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >0.1 ppm.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli in water source samples
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli (in log10 MPN/100ml) in water source samples by culture-based assay
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli in household stored water samples
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli (in log10 MPN/100ml) in household stored water samples by culture-based assay
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria in water source samples
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria (MPN/100mL) in water source samples
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria in household stored water samples
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria (MPN/100mL) in household stored water samples
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhea among children under five years of age
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the proportion of children under five reported by caregivers to have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhea among household members, any age
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the proportion of individuals surveyed in the household that have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey. Measured for subset of available respondents.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Prevalence of diarrhea among female caregivers
Tidsramme: Time frame - About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the proportion of respondents that have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey.
Time frame - About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

Andre resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Proportion of households reporting an ILC-compatible water source as their primary drinking water source
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the percentage of surveyed households identifying an ILC-compatible water system as their source of drinking water. ILC-compatible water systems (boreholes, piped systems, or handpumps have chlorinated water in treatment)
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of households switching away from ILC-treated water sources
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the percentage of households that discontinue use of a chlorinated water system for drinking water compared to baseline.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of households reporting any household-level water treatment
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the percentage of households reporting treatment of drinking water prior to consumption (e.g., boiling, filtration, manual chlorination).
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Time spent on household-level water treatment
Tidsramme: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Time (minutes) reported by households per day on making water safer to drink (gender stratified)
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

University of California, Berkeley

Samarbejdspartnere

University of Michigan
Bayero University Kano, Nigeria

Efterforskere

  • Ledende efterforsker: Amy J Pickering, University of California, Berkeley
  • Ledende efterforsker: Elisa M Maffioli, University of Michigan
  • Ledende efterforsker: Adamu I Tanko, PhD, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria

Publikationer og nyttige links

Den person, der er ansvarlig for at indtaste oplysninger om undersøgelsen, leverer frivilligt disse publikationer. Disse kan handle om alt relateret til undersøgelsen.

Generelle publikationer

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Anslået)

26. maj 2026

Primær færdiggørelse (Anslået)

31. december 2027

Studieafslutning (Anslået)

31. december 2027

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

14. maj 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

14. maj 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

22. maj 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

22. maj 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

14. maj 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. maj 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Nøgleord

Yderligere relevante MeSH-vilkår

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • 2025-08-18832

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

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