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Evaluating In-line Chlorination in Nigeria

14 mei 2026 bijgewerkt door: Amy Janel Pickering, University of California, Berkeley

In-line Chlorination for Drinking Water Treatment in Nigeria

This study evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of in-line chlorination (ILC) for improving drinking water quality in rural Nigeria. Unsafe drinking water remains a major contributor to diarrheal disease, particularly among children under five. Inline chlorination is a passive water treatment approach that automatically doses chlorine at community water systems without requiring electricity or daily user action. Two cluster randomized controlled trials will be conducted in Kano State (North-West Nigeria) and Cross River State (South-South Nigeria). Communities will be randomized to either receive in-line chlorination installed at eligible communal water systems or serve as controls with no chlorination. The unit of randomization is a community or a cluster of communities that share water system for drinking water. The primary objective is to estimate the causal impact of in-line chlorination on household drinking water quality. Outcomes include the prevalence of Escherichia coli contamination in tap water and stored household water as well as the presence of free chlorine residual. Secondary objectives assess water source usage and adoption of chlorinated sources, as well as reduction in diarrheal disease. Implementation fidelity and operational performance of chlorination devices will also be monitored.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Nog niet aan het werven

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Geschat)

2655

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studiecontact

Studie Contact Back-up

Studie Locaties

  • Niger
    • Cross River State
      • Yala, Cross River State, Niger
    • Kano State

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Kind
  • Volwassen
  • Oudere volwassene

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Ja

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Adult (18+) or emancipated minor (15+) pregnant women and women with children under 5 years old who do not plan to permanently move in the next 12 months.
  • Must be knowledgeable about the household's water collection and management practices

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Non-age-eligible women. Men and non-emancipated minors. Women who do not consent.

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Preventie
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Geen (open label)

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Experimenteel: Arm 1: Inline Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)
Communities randomized to this arm will receive inline chlorination installed at eligible communal drinking water systems, such as boreholes or handpumps, and behavioral change communication.
Apparaat: In-line Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)
In-line chlorination devices will be installed on all compatible communal water systems within treatment communities. Devices automatically dose chlorine proportional to water flow without requiring electricity or daily user input. Technologies will include TuriTap liquid dosers installed at handpumps and CTI-8 tablet dosers installed at tanks or piped systems. Devices will be calibrated and routinely monitored to maintain chlorine residual within recommended ranges. In addition to device installation, communities will participate in behavior change communication (BCC) activities designed to support understanding and acceptance of chlorinated water. BCC activities will include community sensitization meetings conducted by the implementing partner. Meetings will provide information on the purpose of chlorination through the in-line chlorination devices, expected benefits and limitations, safe water handling practices, and guidance for addressing taste or odor concerns.
Geen tussenkomst: Arm 2: Control (No Chlorination)
Communities randomized to this arm will not receive inline chlorination during the study period and will continue their usual water collection and treatment practices.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Proportion of water source samples with detectable free chlorine residual.
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >0.1 ppm.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of household stored drinking water samples with detectable free chlorine residual.
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >0.1 ppm.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of household stored drinking water samples positive for Escherichia coli.
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >1 MPN/100 mL of water by culture-based assay
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Proportion of water source samples with detectable total chlorine residual.
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as >0.1 ppm.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli in water source samples
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli (in log10 MPN/100ml) in water source samples by culture-based assay
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli in household stored water samples
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of E. coli (in log10 MPN/100ml) in household stored water samples by culture-based assay
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria in water source samples
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria (MPN/100mL) in water source samples
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria in household stored water samples
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Concentration of total coliform bacteria (MPN/100mL) in household stored water samples
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhea among children under five years of age
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the proportion of children under five reported by caregivers to have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhea among household members, any age
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the proportion of individuals surveyed in the household that have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey. Measured for subset of available respondents.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Prevalence of diarrhea among female caregivers
Tijdsspanne: Time frame - About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the proportion of respondents that have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey.
Time frame - About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

Andere uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Proportion of households reporting an ILC-compatible water source as their primary drinking water source
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the percentage of surveyed households identifying an ILC-compatible water system as their source of drinking water. ILC-compatible water systems (boreholes, piped systems, or handpumps have chlorinated water in treatment)
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of households switching away from ILC-treated water sources
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the percentage of households that discontinue use of a chlorinated water system for drinking water compared to baseline.
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Proportion of households reporting any household-level water treatment
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Measured as the percentage of households reporting treatment of drinking water prior to consumption (e.g., boiling, filtration, manual chlorination).
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Time spent on household-level water treatment
Tijdsspanne: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations
Time (minutes) reported by households per day on making water safer to drink (gender stratified)
About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

University of California, Berkeley

Medewerkers

University of Michigan
Bayero University Kano, Nigeria

Onderzoekers

  • Hoofdonderzoeker: Amy J Pickering, University of California, Berkeley
  • Hoofdonderzoeker: Elisa M Maffioli, University of Michigan
  • Hoofdonderzoeker: Adamu I Tanko, PhD, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria

Publicaties en nuttige links

De persoon die verantwoordelijk is voor het invoeren van informatie over het onderzoek stelt deze publicaties vrijwillig ter beschikking. Dit kan gaan over alles wat met het onderzoek te maken heeft.

Algemene publicaties

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Geschat)

26 mei 2026

Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)

31 december 2027

Studie voltooiing (Geschat)

31 december 2027

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

14 mei 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

14 mei 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

22 mei 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

22 mei 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

14 mei 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 mei 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • 2025-08-18832

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

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