Three Breathing Techniques for Heart Rate Variability, Attention, Reaction Time, and Anxiety
2026年9月9日 更新者：Atlas University
Comparative Effects of Three Breathing Techniques on Heart Rate Variability, Attention, Reaction Time, and Anxiety in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of Mindfulness Breathing, Box Breathing, and Nadi Shodhana Pranayama on heart rate variability, attention performance, reaction time, and anxiety in healthy adults aged 18-40 years.
Participants were randomly assigned to one of three breathing intervention groups and practiced their assigned technique daily for six weeks.
Primary outcomes included resting heart rate, RMSSD, and respiratory rate derived from 5-minute heart rate variability recordings.
Secondary outcomes included attention performance assessed by the Digit Cancellation Test, reaction time assessed using the BlazePod system, and state and trait anxiety assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction, home practice videos, and daily WhatsApp reminders throughout the intervention.
研究概览
详细说明
Healthy adults aged 18-40 years were recruited using convenience sampling and randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to Mindfulness Breathing, Box Breathing, or Nadi Shodhana Pranayama. Participants received an individual face-to-face training session delivered by the same physiotherapist, practiced their assigned breathing technique under supervision until correct performance was confirmed, and subsequently performed daily home-based practice for six weeks using standardized instructional videos. Daily WhatsApp reminders containing the appropriate video link were sent to support adherence.
Heart rate variability was assessed using a Polar H10 heart rate monitor with 5-minute resting recordings analyzed using Kubios HRV software. Attention performance was measured using the Digit Cancellation Test, reaction time was assessed using the BlazePod wireless reaction system, and anxiety outcomes were evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Assessments were performed at baseline and after six weeks.
研究类型
介入性
注册 (实际的)
48
阶段
- 不适用
联系人和位置
本节提供了进行研究的人员的详细联系信息，以及有关进行该研究的地点的信息。
学习地点
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Kagıthane
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Istanbul、Kagıthane、土耳其（türkiye）
- Istanbul Atlas University
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参与标准
研究人员寻找符合特定描述的人，称为资格标准。这些标准的一些例子是一个人的一般健康状况或先前的治疗。
资格标准
适合学习的年龄
- 成人
接受健康志愿者
是的
描述
Inclusion Criteria:
- Healthy adults aged 18 to 40 years.
- Ability to provide written informed consent.
- Ownership of a smartphone with internet access.
- Willingness to participate in daily breathing practice for six weeks.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Respiratory disease.
- History of lung transplantation.
- Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy.
- Previous experience with yoga, Qigong, breath therapy, or other structured breathing practices.
学习计划
本节提供研究计划的详细信息，包括研究的设计方式和研究的衡量标准。
研究是如何设计的？
设计细节
- 主要用途：基础科学
- 分配：随机化
- 介入模型：并行分配
- 屏蔽：单身的
武器和干预
参与者组/臂 |
干预/治疗 |
|---|---|
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有源比较器：Mindfulness Breathing
Participants practiced mindful awareness of their natural breathing without intentionally altering breathing rhythm during daily home sessions for six weeks.
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Participants received an individual face-to-face training session from the same physiotherapist, practiced under supervision until correct performance was confirmed, and subsequently performed daily home-based mindfulness breathing for six weeks using standardized instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
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实验性的：Box Breathing
Participants performed a structured 4-4-4-4 breathing cycle consisting of 4 seconds of inhalation, 4 seconds of breath holding, 4 seconds of exhalation, and a 4-second post-exhalation pause during daily home practice for six weeks.
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Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction and performed daily home-based Box Breathing using a 4-second inhalation, 4-second breath hold, 4-second exhalation, and 4-second pause for six weeks, supported by instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
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实验性的：Nadi Shodhana Pranayama
Participants performed alternate nostril breathing with controlled inhalation and exhalation while maintaining a slow and rhythmic breathing pattern during daily home practice for six weeks.
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Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction and performed daily home-based alternate nostril breathing for six weeks using instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
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研究衡量的是什么？
主要结果指标
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
|---|---|---|
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Resting Heart Rate
大体时间：Baseline and Week 6
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Resting heart rate (beats per minute) measured from a 5-minute seated recording using the Polar H10 heart rate monitor (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland).
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Baseline and Week 6
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Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD)
大体时间：Baseline and Week 6
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RMSSD (milliseconds), a vagally mediated heart rate variability parameter, derived from 5-minute RR interval recordings analyzed using Kubios HRV software.
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Baseline and Week 6
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Respiratory Rate
大体时间：Baseline and Week 6
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Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) obtained from the 5-minute Polar H10 recording.
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Baseline and Week 6
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次要结果测量
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
|---|---|---|
|
BlazePod Reaction Time
大体时间：Baseline and Week 6
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Reaction time assessed using a single BlazePod wireless light-based reaction system with the dominant hand.
The system recorded average reaction time, number of successful responses, and number of errors.
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Baseline and Week 6
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Digit Cancellation Test Score
大体时间：Baseline and Week 6
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Attention performance is assessed using the Digit Cancellation Test by recording the number of correctly identified targets within 30 seconds.
Higher scores indicate better sustained and selective attention performance.
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Baseline and Week 6
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Anxiety
大体时间：Baseline and Week 6
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Anxiety assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety.
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Baseline and Week 6
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合作者和调查者
在这里您可以找到参与这项研究的人员和组织。
研究记录日期
这些日期跟踪向 ClinicalTrials.gov 提交研究记录和摘要结果的进度。研究记录和报告的结果由国家医学图书馆 (NLM) 审查，以确保它们在发布到公共网站之前符合特定的质量控制标准。
研究主要日期
学习开始 (实际的)
2025年9月1日
初级完成 (实际的)
2026年6月20日
研究完成 (实际的)
2026年6月20日
研究注册日期
首次提交
2026年9月3日
首先提交符合 QC 标准的
2026年9月3日
首次发布 (实际的)
2026年9月9日
研究记录更新
最后更新发布 (实际的)
2026年9月11日
上次提交的符合 QC 标准的更新
2026年9月9日
最后验证
2026年9月1日
更多信息
与本研究相关的术语
其他研究编号
- E 22686390 050.99 62685
计划个人参与者数据 (IPD)
计划共享个人参与者数据 (IPD)？
不
IPD 计划说明
Individual participant data will not be made publicly available.
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