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Three Breathing Techniques for Heart Rate Variability, Attention, Reaction Time, and Anxiety

9. september 2026 opdateret af: Atlas University

Comparative Effects of Three Breathing Techniques on Heart Rate Variability, Attention, Reaction Time, and Anxiety in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of Mindfulness Breathing, Box Breathing, and Nadi Shodhana Pranayama on heart rate variability, attention performance, reaction time, and anxiety in healthy adults aged 18-40 years. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three breathing intervention groups and practiced their assigned technique daily for six weeks. Primary outcomes included resting heart rate, RMSSD, and respiratory rate derived from 5-minute heart rate variability recordings. Secondary outcomes included attention performance assessed by the Digit Cancellation Test, reaction time assessed using the BlazePod system, and state and trait anxiety assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction, home practice videos, and daily WhatsApp reminders throughout the intervention.

Studieoversigt

Status

Afsluttet

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

Healthy adults aged 18-40 years were recruited using convenience sampling and randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to Mindfulness Breathing, Box Breathing, or Nadi Shodhana Pranayama. Participants received an individual face-to-face training session delivered by the same physiotherapist, practiced their assigned breathing technique under supervision until correct performance was confirmed, and subsequently performed daily home-based practice for six weeks using standardized instructional videos. Daily WhatsApp reminders containing the appropriate video link were sent to support adherence.

Heart rate variability was assessed using a Polar H10 heart rate monitor with 5-minute resting recordings analyzed using Kubios HRV software. Attention performance was measured using the Digit Cancellation Test, reaction time was assessed using the BlazePod wireless reaction system, and anxiety outcomes were evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Assessments were performed at baseline and after six weeks.

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Tilmelding (Faktiske)

48

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Kontakter og lokationer

Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.

Studiesteder

  • Tyrkiet (Türkiye)
    • Kagıthane
      • Istanbul, Kagıthane, Tyrkiet (Türkiye)
        • Istanbul Atlas University

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Voksen

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ja

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Healthy adults aged 18 to 40 years.
  • Ability to provide written informed consent.
  • Ownership of a smartphone with internet access.
  • Willingness to participate in daily breathing practice for six weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Respiratory disease.
  • History of lung transplantation.
  • Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy.
  • Previous experience with yoga, Qigong, breath therapy, or other structured breathing practices.

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Grundvidenskab
  • Tildeling: Randomiseret
  • Interventionel model: Parallel tildeling
  • Maskning: Enkelt

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Aktiv komparator: Mindfulness Breathing
Participants practiced mindful awareness of their natural breathing without intentionally altering breathing rhythm during daily home sessions for six weeks.
Adfærdsmæssigt: Mindfulness Breathing
Participants received an individual face-to-face training session from the same physiotherapist, practiced under supervision until correct performance was confirmed, and subsequently performed daily home-based mindfulness breathing for six weeks using standardized instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
Eksperimentel: Box Breathing
Participants performed a structured 4-4-4-4 breathing cycle consisting of 4 seconds of inhalation, 4 seconds of breath holding, 4 seconds of exhalation, and a 4-second post-exhalation pause during daily home practice for six weeks.
Adfærdsmæssigt: Box Breathing
Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction and performed daily home-based Box Breathing using a 4-second inhalation, 4-second breath hold, 4-second exhalation, and 4-second pause for six weeks, supported by instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
Eksperimentel: Nadi Shodhana Pranayama
Participants performed alternate nostril breathing with controlled inhalation and exhalation while maintaining a slow and rhythmic breathing pattern during daily home practice for six weeks.
Adfærdsmæssigt: Nadi Shodhana Pranayama
Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction and performed daily home-based alternate nostril breathing for six weeks using instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Resting Heart Rate
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
Resting heart rate (beats per minute) measured from a 5-minute seated recording using the Polar H10 heart rate monitor (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland).
Baseline and Week 6
Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD)
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
RMSSD (milliseconds), a vagally mediated heart rate variability parameter, derived from 5-minute RR interval recordings analyzed using Kubios HRV software.
Baseline and Week 6
Respiratory Rate
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) obtained from the 5-minute Polar H10 recording.
Baseline and Week 6

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
BlazePod Reaction Time
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
Reaction time assessed using a single BlazePod wireless light-based reaction system with the dominant hand. The system recorded average reaction time, number of successful responses, and number of errors.
Baseline and Week 6
Digit Cancellation Test Score
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
Attention performance is assessed using the Digit Cancellation Test by recording the number of correctly identified targets within 30 seconds. Higher scores indicate better sustained and selective attention performance.
Baseline and Week 6
Anxiety
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
Anxiety assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety.
Baseline and Week 6

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

Atlas University

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

1. september 2025

Primær færdiggørelse (Faktiske)

20. juni 2026

Studieafslutning (Faktiske)

20. juni 2026

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

3. september 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

3. september 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

9. september 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

11. september 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

9. september 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. september 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Nøgleord

Yderligere relevante MeSH-vilkår

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • E 22686390 050.99 62685

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?

INGEN

IPD-planbeskrivelse

Individual participant data will not be made publicly available.

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