Three Breathing Techniques for Heart Rate Variability, Attention, Reaction Time, and Anxiety
9 september 2026 bijgewerkt door: Atlas University
Comparative Effects of Three Breathing Techniques on Heart Rate Variability, Attention, Reaction Time, and Anxiety in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of Mindfulness Breathing, Box Breathing, and Nadi Shodhana Pranayama on heart rate variability, attention performance, reaction time, and anxiety in healthy adults aged 18-40 years.
Participants were randomly assigned to one of three breathing intervention groups and practiced their assigned technique daily for six weeks.
Primary outcomes included resting heart rate, RMSSD, and respiratory rate derived from 5-minute heart rate variability recordings.
Secondary outcomes included attention performance assessed by the Digit Cancellation Test, reaction time assessed using the BlazePod system, and state and trait anxiety assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction, home practice videos, and daily WhatsApp reminders throughout the intervention.
Studie Overzicht
Toestand
Voltooid
Interventie / Behandeling
Gedetailleerde beschrijving
Healthy adults aged 18-40 years were recruited using convenience sampling and randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to Mindfulness Breathing, Box Breathing, or Nadi Shodhana Pranayama. Participants received an individual face-to-face training session delivered by the same physiotherapist, practiced their assigned breathing technique under supervision until correct performance was confirmed, and subsequently performed daily home-based practice for six weeks using standardized instructional videos. Daily WhatsApp reminders containing the appropriate video link were sent to support adherence.
Heart rate variability was assessed using a Polar H10 heart rate monitor with 5-minute resting recordings analyzed using Kubios HRV software. Attention performance was measured using the Digit Cancellation Test, reaction time was assessed using the BlazePod wireless reaction system, and anxiety outcomes were evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Assessments were performed at baseline and after six weeks.
Studietype
Ingrijpend
Inschrijving (Werkelijk)
48
Fase
- Niet toepasbaar
Contacten en locaties
In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.
Studie Locaties
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Kagıthane
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Istanbul, Kagıthane, Turkije (Türkiye)
- Istanbul Atlas University
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Deelname Criteria
Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.
Geschiktheidscriteria
Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie
- Volwassen
Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers
Ja
Beschrijving
Inclusion Criteria:
- Healthy adults aged 18 to 40 years.
- Ability to provide written informed consent.
- Ownership of a smartphone with internet access.
- Willingness to participate in daily breathing practice for six weeks.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Respiratory disease.
- History of lung transplantation.
- Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy.
- Previous experience with yoga, Qigong, breath therapy, or other structured breathing practices.
Studie plan
Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.
Hoe is de studie opgezet?
Ontwerpdetails
- Primair doel: Fundamentele wetenschap
- Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
- Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
- Masker: Enkel
Wapens en interventies
Deelnemersgroep / Arm |
Interventie / Behandeling |
|---|---|
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Actieve vergelijker: Mindfulness Breathing
Participants practiced mindful awareness of their natural breathing without intentionally altering breathing rhythm during daily home sessions for six weeks.
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Participants received an individual face-to-face training session from the same physiotherapist, practiced under supervision until correct performance was confirmed, and subsequently performed daily home-based mindfulness breathing for six weeks using standardized instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
|
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Experimenteel: Box Breathing
Participants performed a structured 4-4-4-4 breathing cycle consisting of 4 seconds of inhalation, 4 seconds of breath holding, 4 seconds of exhalation, and a 4-second post-exhalation pause during daily home practice for six weeks.
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Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction and performed daily home-based Box Breathing using a 4-second inhalation, 4-second breath hold, 4-second exhalation, and 4-second pause for six weeks, supported by instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
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Experimenteel: Nadi Shodhana Pranayama
Participants performed alternate nostril breathing with controlled inhalation and exhalation while maintaining a slow and rhythmic breathing pattern during daily home practice for six weeks.
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Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction and performed daily home-based alternate nostril breathing for six weeks using instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
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Wat meet het onderzoek?
Primaire uitkomstmaten
Uitkomstmaat |
Maatregel Beschrijving |
Tijdsspanne |
|---|---|---|
|
Resting Heart Rate
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and Week 6
|
Resting heart rate (beats per minute) measured from a 5-minute seated recording using the Polar H10 heart rate monitor (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland).
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Baseline and Week 6
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Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and Week 6
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RMSSD (milliseconds), a vagally mediated heart rate variability parameter, derived from 5-minute RR interval recordings analyzed using Kubios HRV software.
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Baseline and Week 6
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Respiratory Rate
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and Week 6
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Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) obtained from the 5-minute Polar H10 recording.
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Baseline and Week 6
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Secundaire uitkomstmaten
Uitkomstmaat |
Maatregel Beschrijving |
Tijdsspanne |
|---|---|---|
|
BlazePod Reaction Time
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and Week 6
|
Reaction time assessed using a single BlazePod wireless light-based reaction system with the dominant hand.
The system recorded average reaction time, number of successful responses, and number of errors.
|
Baseline and Week 6
|
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Digit Cancellation Test Score
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and Week 6
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Attention performance is assessed using the Digit Cancellation Test by recording the number of correctly identified targets within 30 seconds.
Higher scores indicate better sustained and selective attention performance.
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Baseline and Week 6
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Anxiety
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and Week 6
|
Anxiety assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety.
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Baseline and Week 6
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Medewerkers en onderzoekers
Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.
Sponsor
Studie record data
Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.
Bestudeer belangrijke data
Studie start (Werkelijk)
1 september 2025
Primaire voltooiing (Werkelijk)
20 juni 2026
Studie voltooiing (Werkelijk)
20 juni 2026
Studieregistratiedata
Eerst ingediend
3 september 2026
Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria
3 september 2026
Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)
9 september 2026
Updates van studierecords
Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)
11 september 2026
Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria
9 september 2026
Laatst geverifieerd
1 september 2026
Meer informatie
Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie
Trefwoorden
Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden
Andere studie-ID-nummers
- E 22686390 050.99 62685
Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)
Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?
NEE
Beschrijving IPD-plan
Individual participant data will not be made publicly available.
Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten
Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel
Nee
Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct
Nee
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