Three Breathing Techniques for Heart Rate Variability, Attention, Reaction Time, and Anxiety
9 september 2026 uppdaterad av: Atlas University
Comparative Effects of Three Breathing Techniques on Heart Rate Variability, Attention, Reaction Time, and Anxiety in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of Mindfulness Breathing, Box Breathing, and Nadi Shodhana Pranayama on heart rate variability, attention performance, reaction time, and anxiety in healthy adults aged 18-40 years.
Participants were randomly assigned to one of three breathing intervention groups and practiced their assigned technique daily for six weeks.
Primary outcomes included resting heart rate, RMSSD, and respiratory rate derived from 5-minute heart rate variability recordings.
Secondary outcomes included attention performance assessed by the Digit Cancellation Test, reaction time assessed using the BlazePod system, and state and trait anxiety assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction, home practice videos, and daily WhatsApp reminders throughout the intervention.
Studieöversikt
Status
Avslutad
Betingelser
Intervention / Behandling
Detaljerad beskrivning
Healthy adults aged 18-40 years were recruited using convenience sampling and randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to Mindfulness Breathing, Box Breathing, or Nadi Shodhana Pranayama. Participants received an individual face-to-face training session delivered by the same physiotherapist, practiced their assigned breathing technique under supervision until correct performance was confirmed, and subsequently performed daily home-based practice for six weeks using standardized instructional videos. Daily WhatsApp reminders containing the appropriate video link were sent to support adherence.
Heart rate variability was assessed using a Polar H10 heart rate monitor with 5-minute resting recordings analyzed using Kubios HRV software. Attention performance was measured using the Digit Cancellation Test, reaction time was assessed using the BlazePod wireless reaction system, and anxiety outcomes were evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Assessments were performed at baseline and after six weeks.
Studietyp
Interventionell
Inskrivning (Faktisk)
48
Fas
- Inte tillämpbar
Kontakter och platser
Det här avsnittet innehåller kontaktuppgifter för dem som genomför studien och information om var denna studie genomförs.
Studieorter
-
-
Kagıthane
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Istanbul, Kagıthane, Turkiet (Türkiye)
- Istanbul Atlas University
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-
Deltagandekriterier
Forskare letar efter personer som passar en viss beskrivning, så kallade behörighetskriterier. Några exempel på dessa kriterier är en persons allmänna hälsotillstånd eller tidigare behandlingar.
Urvalskriterier
Åldrar som är berättigade till studier
- Vuxen
Tar emot friska volontärer
Ja
Beskrivning
Inclusion Criteria:
- Healthy adults aged 18 to 40 years.
- Ability to provide written informed consent.
- Ownership of a smartphone with internet access.
- Willingness to participate in daily breathing practice for six weeks.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Respiratory disease.
- History of lung transplantation.
- Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy.
- Previous experience with yoga, Qigong, breath therapy, or other structured breathing practices.
Studieplan
Det här avsnittet ger detaljer om studieplanen, inklusive hur studien är utformad och vad studien mäter.
Hur är studien utformad?
Designdetaljer
- Primärt syfte: Grundläggande vetenskap
- Tilldelning: Randomiserad
- Interventionsmodell: Parallellt uppdrag
- Maskning: Enda
Vapen och interventioner
Deltagargrupp / Arm |
Intervention / Behandling |
|---|---|
|
Aktiv komparator: Mindfulness Breathing
Participants practiced mindful awareness of their natural breathing without intentionally altering breathing rhythm during daily home sessions for six weeks.
|
Participants received an individual face-to-face training session from the same physiotherapist, practiced under supervision until correct performance was confirmed, and subsequently performed daily home-based mindfulness breathing for six weeks using standardized instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
|
|
Experimentell: Box Breathing
Participants performed a structured 4-4-4-4 breathing cycle consisting of 4 seconds of inhalation, 4 seconds of breath holding, 4 seconds of exhalation, and a 4-second post-exhalation pause during daily home practice for six weeks.
|
Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction and performed daily home-based Box Breathing using a 4-second inhalation, 4-second breath hold, 4-second exhalation, and 4-second pause for six weeks, supported by instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
|
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Experimentell: Nadi Shodhana Pranayama
Participants performed alternate nostril breathing with controlled inhalation and exhalation while maintaining a slow and rhythmic breathing pattern during daily home practice for six weeks.
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Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction and performed daily home-based alternate nostril breathing for six weeks using instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
|
Vad mäter studien?
Primära resultatmått
Resultatmått |
Åtgärdsbeskrivning |
Tidsram |
|---|---|---|
|
Resting Heart Rate
Tidsram: Baseline and Week 6
|
Resting heart rate (beats per minute) measured from a 5-minute seated recording using the Polar H10 heart rate monitor (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland).
|
Baseline and Week 6
|
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Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD)
Tidsram: Baseline and Week 6
|
RMSSD (milliseconds), a vagally mediated heart rate variability parameter, derived from 5-minute RR interval recordings analyzed using Kubios HRV software.
|
Baseline and Week 6
|
|
Respiratory Rate
Tidsram: Baseline and Week 6
|
Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) obtained from the 5-minute Polar H10 recording.
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Baseline and Week 6
|
Sekundära resultatmått
Resultatmått |
Åtgärdsbeskrivning |
Tidsram |
|---|---|---|
|
BlazePod Reaction Time
Tidsram: Baseline and Week 6
|
Reaction time assessed using a single BlazePod wireless light-based reaction system with the dominant hand.
The system recorded average reaction time, number of successful responses, and number of errors.
|
Baseline and Week 6
|
|
Digit Cancellation Test Score
Tidsram: Baseline and Week 6
|
Attention performance is assessed using the Digit Cancellation Test by recording the number of correctly identified targets within 30 seconds.
Higher scores indicate better sustained and selective attention performance.
|
Baseline and Week 6
|
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Anxiety
Tidsram: Baseline and Week 6
|
Anxiety assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety.
|
Baseline and Week 6
|
Samarbetspartners och utredare
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Sponsor
Studieavstämningsdatum
Dessa datum spårar framstegen för inlämningar av studieposter och sammanfattande resultat till ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieposter och rapporterade resultat granskas av National Library of Medicine (NLM) för att säkerställa att de uppfyller specifika kvalitetskontrollstandarder innan de publiceras på den offentliga webbplatsen.
Studera stora datum
Studiestart (Faktisk)
1 september 2025
Primärt slutförande (Faktisk)
20 juni 2026
Avslutad studie (Faktisk)
20 juni 2026
Studieregistreringsdatum
Först inskickad
3 september 2026
Först inskickad som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna
3 september 2026
Första postat (Faktisk)
9 september 2026
Uppdateringar av studier
Senaste uppdatering publicerad (Faktisk)
11 september 2026
Senaste inskickade uppdateringen som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna
9 september 2026
Senast verifierad
1 september 2026
Mer information
Termer relaterade till denna studie
Nyckelord
Ytterligare relevanta MeSH-villkor
Andra studie-ID-nummer
- E 22686390 050.99 62685
Plan för individuella deltagardata (IPD)
Planerar du att dela individuella deltagardata (IPD)?
NEJ
IPD-planbeskrivning
Individual participant data will not be made publicly available.
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Nej
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