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Three Breathing Techniques for Heart Rate Variability, Attention, Reaction Time, and Anxiety

9. september 2026 oppdatert av: Atlas University

Comparative Effects of Three Breathing Techniques on Heart Rate Variability, Attention, Reaction Time, and Anxiety in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of Mindfulness Breathing, Box Breathing, and Nadi Shodhana Pranayama on heart rate variability, attention performance, reaction time, and anxiety in healthy adults aged 18-40 years. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three breathing intervention groups and practiced their assigned technique daily for six weeks. Primary outcomes included resting heart rate, RMSSD, and respiratory rate derived from 5-minute heart rate variability recordings. Secondary outcomes included attention performance assessed by the Digit Cancellation Test, reaction time assessed using the BlazePod system, and state and trait anxiety assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction, home practice videos, and daily WhatsApp reminders throughout the intervention.

Studieoversikt

Status

Fullført

Forhold

Intervensjon / Behandling

Detaljert beskrivelse

Healthy adults aged 18-40 years were recruited using convenience sampling and randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to Mindfulness Breathing, Box Breathing, or Nadi Shodhana Pranayama. Participants received an individual face-to-face training session delivered by the same physiotherapist, practiced their assigned breathing technique under supervision until correct performance was confirmed, and subsequently performed daily home-based practice for six weeks using standardized instructional videos. Daily WhatsApp reminders containing the appropriate video link were sent to support adherence.

Heart rate variability was assessed using a Polar H10 heart rate monitor with 5-minute resting recordings analyzed using Kubios HRV software. Attention performance was measured using the Digit Cancellation Test, reaction time was assessed using the BlazePod wireless reaction system, and anxiety outcomes were evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Assessments were performed at baseline and after six weeks.

Studietype

Intervensjonell

Registrering (Faktiske)

48

Fase

  • Ikke aktuelt

Kontakter og plasseringer

Denne delen inneholder kontaktinformasjon for de som utfører studien, og informasjon om hvor denne studien blir utført.

Studiesteder

  • Tyrkia (Türkiye)
    • Kagıthane
      • Istanbul, Kagıthane, Tyrkia (Türkiye)
        • Istanbul Atlas University

Deltakelseskriterier

Forskere ser etter personer som passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kalt kvalifikasjonskriterier. Noen eksempler på disse kriteriene er en persons generelle helsetilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Kvalifikasjonskriterier

Alder som er kvalifisert for studier

  • Voksen

Tar imot friske frivillige

Ja

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Healthy adults aged 18 to 40 years.
  • Ability to provide written informed consent.
  • Ownership of a smartphone with internet access.
  • Willingness to participate in daily breathing practice for six weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Respiratory disease.
  • History of lung transplantation.
  • Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy.
  • Previous experience with yoga, Qigong, breath therapy, or other structured breathing practices.

Studieplan

Denne delen gir detaljer om studieplanen, inkludert hvordan studien er utformet og hva studien måler.

Hvordan er studiet utformet?

Designdetaljer

  • Primært formål: Grunnvitenskap
  • Tildeling: Randomisert
  • Intervensjonsmodell: Parallell tildeling
  • Masking: Enkelt

Våpen og intervensjoner

Deltakergruppe / Arm
Intervensjon / Behandling
Aktiv komparator: Mindfulness Breathing
Participants practiced mindful awareness of their natural breathing without intentionally altering breathing rhythm during daily home sessions for six weeks.
Atferdsmessig: Mindfulness Breathing
Participants received an individual face-to-face training session from the same physiotherapist, practiced under supervision until correct performance was confirmed, and subsequently performed daily home-based mindfulness breathing for six weeks using standardized instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
Eksperimentell: Box Breathing
Participants performed a structured 4-4-4-4 breathing cycle consisting of 4 seconds of inhalation, 4 seconds of breath holding, 4 seconds of exhalation, and a 4-second post-exhalation pause during daily home practice for six weeks.
Atferdsmessig: Box Breathing
Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction and performed daily home-based Box Breathing using a 4-second inhalation, 4-second breath hold, 4-second exhalation, and 4-second pause for six weeks, supported by instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.
Eksperimentell: Nadi Shodhana Pranayama
Participants performed alternate nostril breathing with controlled inhalation and exhalation while maintaining a slow and rhythmic breathing pattern during daily home practice for six weeks.
Atferdsmessig: Nadi Shodhana Pranayama
Participants received standardized face-to-face instruction and performed daily home-based alternate nostril breathing for six weeks using instructional videos and daily WhatsApp reminders.

Hva måler studien?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Tiltaksbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Resting Heart Rate
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
Resting heart rate (beats per minute) measured from a 5-minute seated recording using the Polar H10 heart rate monitor (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland).
Baseline and Week 6
Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD)
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
RMSSD (milliseconds), a vagally mediated heart rate variability parameter, derived from 5-minute RR interval recordings analyzed using Kubios HRV software.
Baseline and Week 6
Respiratory Rate
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) obtained from the 5-minute Polar H10 recording.
Baseline and Week 6

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Tiltaksbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
BlazePod Reaction Time
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
Reaction time assessed using a single BlazePod wireless light-based reaction system with the dominant hand. The system recorded average reaction time, number of successful responses, and number of errors.
Baseline and Week 6
Digit Cancellation Test Score
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
Attention performance is assessed using the Digit Cancellation Test by recording the number of correctly identified targets within 30 seconds. Higher scores indicate better sustained and selective attention performance.
Baseline and Week 6
Anxiety
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 6
Anxiety assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety.
Baseline and Week 6

Samarbeidspartnere og etterforskere

Det er her du vil finne personer og organisasjoner som er involvert i denne studien.

Sponsor

Atlas University

Studierekorddatoer

Disse datoene sporer fremdriften for innsending av studieposter og sammendragsresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieposter og rapporterte resultater gjennomgås av National Library of Medicine (NLM) for å sikre at de oppfyller spesifikke kvalitetskontrollstandarder før de legges ut på det offentlige nettstedet.

Studer hoveddatoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

1. september 2025

Primær fullføring (Faktiske)

20. juni 2026

Studiet fullført (Faktiske)

20. juni 2026

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først innsendt

3. september 2026

Først innsendt som oppfylte QC-kriteriene

3. september 2026

Først lagt ut (Faktiske)

9. september 2026

Oppdateringer av studieposter

Sist oppdatering lagt ut (Faktiske)

11. september 2026

Siste oppdatering sendt inn som oppfylte QC-kriteriene

9. september 2026

Sist bekreftet

1. september 2026

Mer informasjon

Begreper knyttet til denne studien

Nøkkelord

Ytterligere relevante MeSH-vilkår

Andre studie-ID-numre

  • E 22686390 050.99 62685

Plan for individuelle deltakerdata (IPD)

Planlegger du å dele individuelle deltakerdata (IPD)?

NEI

IPD-planbeskrivelse

Individual participant data will not be made publicly available.

Legemiddel- og utstyrsinformasjon, studiedokumenter

Studerer et amerikansk FDA-regulert medikamentprodukt

Nei

Studerer et amerikansk FDA-regulert enhetsprodukt

Nei

Denne informasjonen ble hentet direkte fra nettstedet clinicaltrials.gov uten noen endringer. Hvis du har noen forespørsler om å endre, fjerne eller oppdatere studiedetaljene dine, vennligst kontakt register@clinicaltrials.gov. Så snart en endring er implementert på clinicaltrials.gov, vil denne også bli oppdatert automatisk på nettstedet vårt. .

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