Trial of Otelixizumab for Adults With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Autoimmune): DEFEND-1 (DEFEND-1)

Durable-Response Therapy Evaluation For Early or New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes - DEFEND

The purpose of this study is to find out if an 8-day series of otelixizumab infusions leads to greater improvement in insulin secretion as compared with placebo infusion. Insulin secretion will be assessed using mixed meal-stimulated C-peptide.

Subjects will be assigned to receive either otelixizumab or placebo at a ratio of 2:1 (2/3 otelixizumab, 1/3 placebo). These study agents will be administered as an addition to insulin, diet, and other physician determined standard of care treatments.

DEFEND-1 is now closed to enrollment.

DEFEND-2 will begin early in 2010. It is very similar to DEFEND-1 and will again require subjects with new onset type 1 diabetes. Please check back here for more details.

In the meantime, established and new onset type 1 diabetes patients in North America are welcome to consider the TTEDD study:

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00451321?term=TTEDD&rank=1

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
• Intervention / Treatment: Biological: otelixizumab infusion plus physician determined standard of care; Biological: placebo infusion plus physician determined standard of care

Detailed Description

The following visits are required:

• Screening Visits: 2 to 3 appointments will be conducted to determine eligibility. At 2 of these visits participants will drink a liquid meal and have blood tests done over the post-meal period.
• Dosing Visits: 8 outpatient visits on consecutive days, each lasting about 4-6 hours.
• Follow-up Visits: weekly for the first month, then every 2 weeks for 3 months, followed by monthly visits through 1 year. There will be 3 visits in the second year.
• The total duration of the study is 2 years.
• Glucose test strips, glucose monitors and PDAs to record insulin will be provided to all study subjects for the duration fo the study. Frequent glycemic monitoring will occur through lab testing and blood glucose self-monitoring to help facilitate tight glycemic control in all subjects.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 272
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Alberta
    • Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2H 2G4
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Ontario
    • Oakville, Ontario, Canada, L6H 3P1
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Smiths Falls, Ontario, Canada, K7A 4W8
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M4G 3E8
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Quebec
    • Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2W 1T8
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada, H9R 3J1
      • GSK Investigational Site
• Denmark
  • Arhus C, Denmark, 8000
    • GSK Investigational Site
• Finland
  • Tampere, Finland, 33520
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Turku, Finland, 20520
    • GSK Investigational Site
• Germany
  • Berlin, Germany, 12200
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Baden-Wuerttemberg
    • Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, 69120
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Hessen
    • Bad Nauheim, Hessen, Germany, 61231
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Niedersachsen
    • Bad Lauterberg, Niedersachsen, Germany, 37431
      • GSK Investigational Site
• Italy
  • Milano, Italy, 20132
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Roma, Italy, 00128
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Lazio
    • Latina, Lazio, Italy, 04100
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Roma, Lazio, Italy, 00168
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Roma, Lazio, Italy, 00161
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Roma, Lazio, Italy, 00157
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Sardegna
    • Monserrato, Sardegna, Italy, 09042
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Sicilia
    • Palermo, Sicilia, Italy, 90127
      • GSK Investigational Site
• Spain
  • Barcelona, Spain, 8035
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Gerona, Spain
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Madrid, Spain, 28040
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Sant Joan, Spain, ´03550
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Tarrasa, Barcelona, Spain, 08221
    • GSK Investigational Site
• Sweden
  • Göteborg, Sweden, SE-413 45
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Halmstad, Sweden, SE-301 85
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Harnosand, Sweden, 871 82
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Karlskrona, Sweden, SE- 371 85
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Karlstad, Sweden, SE-651 85
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Kristianstad, Sweden, 291 85
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Motala, Sweden, SE-591 85
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Stockholm, Sweden, SE-171 76
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Umeå, Sweden, SE-901 85
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Växjö, Sweden, SE-351 85
    • GSK Investigational Site
• United Kingdom
  • Blackburn, United Kingdom, BB2 3HH
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Bristol, United Kingdom, BS2 8HW
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Hull, United Kingdom, HU3 2RW
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • London, United Kingdom, SE1 9RT
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, NE1 4LP
    • GSK Investigational Site
  • Somerset
    • Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom, BA1 3NG
      • GSK Investigational Site
• United States
  • Alabama
    • Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35294
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Arkansas
    • Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, 72205
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • California
    • Costa Mesa, California, United States, 92626
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Orange, California, United States, 92868
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Riverside, California, United States, 92506
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Santa Ana, California, United States, 92705
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Torrance, California, United States, 90502
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Walnut Creek, California, United States, 94598
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Colorado
    • Aurora, Colorado, United States, 80045
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • District of Columbia
    • Washington, D.C., District of Columbia, United States, 20037
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Florida
    • Boca Raton, Florida, United States, 33486
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Jupiter, Florida, United States, 33458
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Miami, Florida, United States, 33136
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Miami, Florida, United States, 33169
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Orlando, Florida, United States, 32803
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Orlando, Florida, United States, 32835
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Pembroke Pines, Florida, United States, 33024
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Trinity, Florida, United States, 34655
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Winter Park, Florida, United States, 32789
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Georgia
    • Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30342
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30309
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Hawaii
    • Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, 96813
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Idaho
    • Boise, Idaho, United States, 83702
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Idaho Falls, Idaho, United States, 83404-7542
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Illinois
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60637
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60612
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Indiana
    • Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, 46260
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Kansas
    • Baltimore, Kansas, United States, 21287
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Topeka, Kansas, United States, 66606
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21201
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Massachusetts
    • Worcester, Massachusetts, United States, 01655-0002
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Michigan
    • Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48201
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States, 49048
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Mississippi
    • Gulfport, Mississippi, United States, 39501
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Missouri
    • Columbia, Missouri, United States, 65212
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Kansas City, Missouri, United States, 64106
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Saint Louis, Missouri, United States, 63110
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Nebraska
    • Omaha, Nebraska, United States, 68131
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • New Jersey
    • Neptune City, New Jersey, United States, 07753
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • New York
    • Buffalo, New York, United States, 14209
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Mineola, New York, United States, 11501
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • New York, New York, United States, 10032
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Rochester, New York, United States, 14642
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • North Carolina
    • Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27713
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Ohio
    • Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43210
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43205
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Dayton, Ohio, United States, 45415-2560
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Mentor, Ohio, United States, 44060
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Oklahoma
    • Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States, 74136-8303
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Oregon
    • Eugene, Oregon, United States, 97401
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Portland, Oregon, United States, 97210
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Pennsylvania
    • Langhorne, Pennsylvania, United States, 19047
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19140
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • South Carolina
    • Charleston, South Carolina, United States, 29425-6240
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • South Dakota
    • Rapid City, South Dakota, United States, 57701
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Tennessee
    • Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States, 37403
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Memphis, Tennessee, United States, 38119
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37212
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Texas
    • Dallas, Texas, United States, 75231
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Dallas, Texas, United States, 75390
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Hurst, Texas, United States, 76054
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78229
      • GSK Investigational Site
    • Schertz, Texas, United States, 782154
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Utah
    • Ogden, Utah, United States, 84403
      • GSK Investigational Site
  • Washington
    • Tacoma, Washington, United States, 98405
      • GSK Investigational Site

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 12 years to 45 years (ADULT, CHILD)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Ages 12-45
• Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, consistent with ADA criteria
• No more than 90 days between diagnosis and administration of study compounds
• Requires insulin for type 1 diabetes mellitus, or has required insulin at some time between diagnosis and administration of study compounds.
• Stimulated C-peptide level greater than 0.20 nmol/L and less than or equal to 3.50 nmol/L
• Positive for one or more of the autoantibodies typically associated with T1DM: antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD); antibody to protein tyrosine phosphatase-like protein (anti-IA-2); zinc transporter autoantibodies (ZNT8); insulin autoantibodies (IAA). A subject who is positive for insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and negative for the other autoantibodies will only be eligible if the subject has used insulin for less than 7 days total.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Other, significant medical conditions based on the study doctor's evaluation

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: DOUBLE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: otelixizumab	Biological: otelixizumab infusion plus physician determined standard of care; infusion; Other Names: monoclonal antibody; anti-CD3; ChAglyCD3; TRX4
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR: placebo; Placebo	Biological: placebo infusion plus physician determined standard of care; infusion

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change From Baseline in 2-hour Mixed Meal Stimulated C-peptide Area Under Curve [AUC] (Normalized for 120-minute Time Interval) at Month 12	Mixed meal-stimulated C-peptide AUC was the area under the C-peptide/time curve from Time 0 to 120 minutes, calculated using the trapezoidal rule. This reported AUC was normalized for time interval by dividing it by 120 minutes. This normalized AUC was calculated for each participant at Baseline, Week 12, and at Months 6, 12, 18, and 24. Data has been presented for meal stimulated C-peptide Area under assessment performed at Month 12. Baseline assessments were carried out on the morning of Day 1, before the start of the first infusion of study drug. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the post-randomization value at Month 12.	Baseline (0-120 minutes on Day 1) and Month 12 (0-120 minutes)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Participants Who Were Responders for (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) HbA1c/Insulin Use Response at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12	A participant was considered a responder if, at the given time point, the participant had HbA1c<= 6.5%, and mean daily insulin use over 7 consecutive days < 0.5 international units per kilogram per day (IU/kg/day) during the 2 weeks preceding the visit. Data has been presented from number of participants with their percentages who were responders at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.	Week 12 and Months 6 and 12
Mean Daily Insulin Use at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.	Participants recorded their daily insulin use in their electronic diaries. In particular, insulin was recorded thoroughly and accurately for at least 7 consecutive days during the 2 weeks before the visits at Baseline, Week 12, and Months 6 and 12. During each of these visits, the investigator/designee accessed the invivodata DiaryPRO web site to review insulin-use data for the previous 2-week period to ensure completeness. If errors/gaps were identified (e.g., if the participant did not take insulin and not entered 0 units), the investigator/designee recorded the missing data from participant recall using a data clarification form (DCF). Paper diary to collect insulin use, were reviewed for completeness. Any missing data that could be recalled by the participant was entered. If the participant did not record any insulin use during the 2-week period before the visit, the site obtained an insulin use history for the previous 7 days and calculated the average daily insulin dose.	Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.
HbA1c Level at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12	HbA1c levels were recorded at Screening, Baseline (Day 1), Day 28, Week 8, Week 12, Months 4 to 12 and Month 24. Data has been presented for HbA1c levels at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.	Week 12 and Months 6 and 12
Number of Hypoglycemic Events Defined by Hypoglycemic Event Categories From Baseline Upto Month 12	Hypoglycemic events reported by participants were classified as defined by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Workgroup on Hypoglycemia as follows: Severe hypoglycemia: an event requiring assistance of another person to actively administer carbohydrate, glucagon/other resuscitative actions, documented symptomatic hypoglycemia: an event during which typical symptoms of hypoglycemia are accompanied by a measured plasma glucose concentration(PGC)<=70 mg/dL, asymptomatic hypoglycemia: an event not accompanied by typical symptoms of hypoglycemia but with a measured PGC<=70 mg/dL,probable symptomatic hypoglycemia: an event during which symptoms of hypoglycemia are not accompanied by a plasma glucose determination, but were presumably caused by a PGC<=70 mg/dL and relative hypoglycemia: an event during which the person with diabetes reports any of the typical symptoms of hypoglycemia, and interprets the symptoms as indicative of hypoglycemia, but with a measured PGC>70 mg/dL.	Upto Month 12
Number of Participants With Hypoglycemic Events Defined by Hypoglycemic Event Categories From Baseline Upto Month 12	Hypoglycemic events reported by participants were classified as defined by the ADA Workgroup on Hypoglycemia as Severe hypoglycemia: an event requiring assistance of another person to actively administer carbohydrate, glucagon/other resuscitative actions, documented symptomatic hypoglycemia: an event during which typical symptoms of hypoglycemia are accompanied by a measured plasma glucose concentration (PGC)<=70 mg/dL, asymptomatic hypoglycemia: an event not accompanied by typical symptoms of hypoglycemia but with a measured PGC<=70 mg/dL,probable symptomatic hypoglycemia: an event during which symptoms of hypoglycemia are not accompanied by a plasma glucose determination, but were presumably caused by a PGC<=70 mg/dL and relative hypoglycemia: an event during which the person with diabetes reports any of the typical symptoms of hypoglycemia, and interprets the symptoms as indicative of hypoglycemia, but with a measured PGC>70 mg/dL. Only categories with values are presented.	Upto Month 12
Number of Hypoglycemic Excursions (<=70 mg/dL) With Most Complete Glucose at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.	The event frequency of glucose measurements that were hypoglycemic excursions were calculated per participant basis, using the number of occurrences where blood glucose was less than or equal to 70 mg/dL. Most complete glucose interval was the 7 day period with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day. If these results were in more than one 7 day period, then the 7 day period with the largest average number of daily recordings (out of those with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day) was selected. If there were 2 or more 7 day periods that have the same number of days with at least 4 recordings and the same maximum average number of glucose recordings, the period that ended closest to the day of the study was selected.	Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.
Magnitude of Greatest Hypoglycemic Excursions With Most Complete Glucose at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.	The greatest hypoglycemic excursions during an interval was calculated as 70 mg/dL minus the lowest recorded glucose level in the interval. If a participant had data recorded during the interval but did not have a value below 70 mg/dL, the participants greatest hypoglycemic excursion for that interval was 0 mg/dL. Most complete glucose interval was the 7 day period with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day. If these results were in more than one 7 day period, then the 7 day period with the largest average number of daily recordings (out of those with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day) was selected. If there were 2 or more 7 day periods that have the same number of days with at least 4 recordings and the same maximum average number of glucose recordings, the period that ended closest to the day of the study was selected.	Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.
Number of Participants With Hypoglycemic Excursions With Most Complete Glucose at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12	Percentage of hypoglycemic excursions was calculated as the total number of observations that exceed the hypoglycemic excursion boundary (i.e.<= 70 mg/dL) divided by the total number of glucose measurements recorded in a time interval for the intervals: Baseline to Week 12, post-Week 12 to Month 6, post-Month 6 to Month 12. Most complete glucose interval was the 7 day period with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day. If these results were in more than one 7 day period, then the 7 day period with the largest average number of daily recordings (out of those with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day) was selected. If there were 2 or more 7 day periods that have the same number of days with at least 4 recordings and the same maximum average number of glucose recordings, the period that ended closest to the day of the study was selected. Data has been presented for number of participants with their percentages having hypoglycemic excursion.	Week 12 and Months 6 and 12
Number of Hyperglycemic Excursions With Most Complete Glucose at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.	The event frequency of glucose measurements that were hyperglycemic excursions were calculated on a per participant basis using the number of occurrences where blood glucose was greater than the hyperglycemic tolerance limit. There were 3 hyperglycemic tolerance limits considered: 200 mg/dL, 130 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL. Most complete glucose interval was the 7 day period with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day. If these results were in more than one 7 day period, then the 7 day period with the largest average number of daily recordings (out of those with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day) was selected. If there were 2 or more 7 day periods that have the same number of days with at least 4 recordings and the same maximum average number of glucose recordings, the period that ended closest to the day of the study was selected.	Week 12 and Months 6 and 12
Magnitude of Greatest Hyperglycemic Excursions With Most Complete Glucose at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.	The greatest hyperglycemic excursions during an interval was calculated as the largest recorded glucose level in the interval minus the hyperglycemic tolerance limit value (HGTLV). If a participant had data recorded during the interval but did not have a value above the HGTLV, the participants greatest hyperglycemic excursion for that interval was 0 mg/dL. Most complete glucose interval was the 7 day period with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day. If these results were in more than one 7 day period, then the 7 day period with the largest average number of daily recordings (out of those with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day) was selected. If there were 2 or more 7 day periods that have the same number of days with at least 4 recordings and the same maximum average number of glucose recordings, the period that ended closest to the day of the study was selected.	Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.
Number of Participants With Hyperglycemic Excursions With Most Complete Glucose at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12	Percentage of hyperglycemic excursions was calculated as the total number of observations that exceed the hyperglycemic excursion boundary (i.e. > HGTLV) divided by the total number of glucose measurements recorded in a time interval for the intervals: Baseline to Week 12, post-Week 12 to Month 6, post-Month 6 to Month 12. Most complete glucose interval was the 7 day period with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day. If these results were in more than one 7 day period, then the 7 day period with the largest average number of daily recordings (out of those with the maximum number of days with at least 4 recordings per day) was selected. If there were 2 or more 7 day periods that have the same number of days with at least 4 recordings and the same maximum average number of glucose recordings, the period that ended closest to the day of the study was selected. Data for number of participants with their percentages are presented.	Week 12 and Months 6 and 12
Change From Baseline in Average Daily Risk Range (ADRR) at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.	Average daily risk range is a measure for evaluation of blood glucose variability that was designed to be equally sensitive to hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. The ADRR was assessed over 30-day periods prior to Baseline and at key visits Week 12 and Months 6 and 12. Baseline assessments were carried out on the morning of Day 1, before the start of the first infusion of study drug. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the post-randomization value at Week 12 and Months 6 and 12.	Baseline (Day 1) and Week 12, Months 6 and 12.
Composite Rank Summary for HbA1c and Exogenous Insulin Use at Month 6 and Month 12	O'Brien mean rank analyses was performed on a two-part composite of the baseline-adjusted HbA1c level and the baseline-adjusted mean total daily insulin use per kg body weight in the otelixizumab group compared with the placebo group at Months 6, 12. For the O'Brien mean rank analysis at a particular time point, adjusted HbA1c values (for both treatment groups together) was ranked from smallest to largest, and adjusted mean daily insulin use values were ranked from smallest to largest. For each participant, the HbA1c and insulin use ranks were added together, producing a composite rank. A treatment comparison test was then performed on the composite ranks.	Month 6 and 12
Composite Rank Summary for C-Peptide AUC, HbA1c and Exogenous Insulin Use at Month 6 and Month 12	O'Brien analyses will be performed on a three-part composite of HbA1c level, C-peptide AUC, and mean daily Insulin use in the otelixizumab group compared with the placebo group at Months 6 and12. For the O'Brien mean rank analysis at a particular time point, HbA1c and insulin use will be ranked from smallest to largest, and C-peptide AUC will be ranked from largest to smallest. For each participant, the C-Peptide AUC, ranks for HbA1c and insulin use were added together, producing a composite rank. A treatment comparison test was then performed on the composite ranks.	Month 6 and 12
Change From Baseline in Level of Cytokines Interleukin (IL-6), IL-10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) at Day 1, Day 4, Day 8	Levels of cytokine (TNFα, IL-6, IL-10) were measured at Baseline and at 2 hours after end of infusion (EOI) on Day 1, Day 4, Day 8 . Baseline assessments were carried out on the morning of Day 1, before the start of the first infusion of study drug. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the post-randomization value at Day 1, Day 4 and Day 8.	Day 1, Day 4, Day 8
Percent Change From Baseline in Circulating Peripheral Lymphocytes CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T Cells and CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (TIDM) up to Month 12	Blood samples were drawn for lymphocyte subset evaluations at Baseline and at 2hours after EOI on Day 4, pre-dose and after E0I on Day 8, Day 14, Day 21, Day 28, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12, Month 6 and Month 12. Percentages of relevant lymphocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry. The lymphocyte subsets assessed included CD8+CD25+ T lymphocytes, as well as the subsets of lymphocytes of these type that were positive for FoxP3, a protein that was expressed at high levels in the cytoplasm of regulatory T cells. CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ T lymphocytes, a cell type was of interest because it played a regulatory role in T1DM. Baseline assessments were carried out on the morning of Day 1, before the start of the first infusion of study drug. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the post-randomization value at the time of assessment.	Baseline (pre-dose on Day 1) and up to 12 Months
Percent Change From Baseline in Cell-bound Otelixizumab on CD4+ T Cells at Day 1, Day 4, Day 8	The amount of cell-bound otelixizumab was determined by flow cytometry. The extent of T cell receptor alpha beta (TCRαβ) expression was determined using an antibody that bound to TCRαβ but did not compete with otelixizumab for binding sites at the expected range of concentrations. The MESF of the anti-TCRαβ antibody was used to quantify the number of CD3/TCR complexes present on T cells. Free otelixizumab binding sites (sites not occupied by otelixizumab) were detected by staining with biotinylated otelixizumab. The MESF of bound biotinylated otelixizumab was directly proportional to the availability of free otelixizumab binding sites. MESF of bound antibody on CD4+ T cells was a direct measurement of cell-bound otelixizumab on CD4+ T cells. Baseline assessments were carried out on the morning of Day 1, before the start of the first infusion of study drug. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the post-randomization value at Day 1, Day 4 and Day 8.	Baseline (pre-dose on Day 1), Day 4 and Day 8
Percent Change From Baseline in CD3/TCR Saturation on CD4+ T Cells and CD8+ T Cells at Day 1, Day 4, Day 8	The extent of saturation of CD3/TCR receptors on CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry. The extent of TCRαβ expression was determined using an antibody that bound to TCRαβ but did not compete with otelixizumab for binding sites at the expected range of concentrations. The MESF of the anti-TCRαβ antibody was used to quantify the number of CD3/TCR complexes present on T cells. The MESF of bound biotinylated otelixizumab was directly proportional to the availability of free otelixizumab binding sites. MESF of free CD3 sites on CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells was direct measurement of saturation of the CD3/TCR complex on CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. Baseline assessments were carried out on the morning of Day 1, before the start of the first infusion of study drug. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the post-randomization value at Day 1, Day 4 and Day 8.	Baseline (Pre-dose Day 1), Day 4, Day 8
Percent Change From Baseline in CD3/TCR Modulation on CD4+ T Cells and CD8+ T Cells at Day 1, Day 4, Day 8	The extent of modulation of CD3/TCR receptors on CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry. The extent of TCRαβ expression was determined using an antibody that bound to TCRαβ but did not compete with otelixizumab for binding sites at the expected range of concentrations. The MESF of the anti-TCRαβ antibody was used to quantify the number of CD3/TCR complexes present on T cells. The MESF of bound biotinylated otelixizumab was directly proportional to the availability of free otelixizumab binding sites.CD3/TCR complexes on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were detected with a non-competing antibody. Changes in the MESF of TCR expression was a direct measurement of TCR modulation. Baseline assessments were carried out on the morning of Day 1, before the start of the first infusion of study drug. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the post-randomization value at Day 1, Day 4 and Day 8.	Baseline (Pre-dose Day 1), Day 4, Day 8

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: GlaxoSmithKline
• Collaborators: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Keymeulen B, Vandemeulebroucke E, Ziegler AG, Mathieu C, Kaufman L, Hale G, Gorus F, Goldman M, Walter M, Candon S, Schandene L, Crenier L, De Block C, Seigneurin JM, De Pauw P, Pierard D, Weets I, Rebello P, Bird P, Berrie E, Frewin M, Waldmann H, Bach JF, Pipeleers D, Chatenoud L. Insulin needs after CD3-antibody therapy in new-onset type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 23;352(25):2598-608. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa043980.
• You S, Candon S, Kuhn C, Bach JF, Chatenoud L. CD3 antibodies as unique tools to restore self-tolerance in established autoimmunity their mode of action and clinical application in type 1 diabetes. Adv Immunol. 2008;100:13-37. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)00802-X. No abstract available.

Helpful Links

• Website containing information on DEFEND study

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): July 29, 2008
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): January 31, 2012
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): January 31, 2012

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 13, 2008
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 15, 2008
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): May 16, 2008

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): October 3, 2017
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 5, 2017
• Last Verified: July 1, 2017

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Type 1 diabetes; T1DM; juvenile diabetes; new onset type 1 diabetes; Type l diabetes
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Immunosuppressive Agents; Immunologic Factors; Muromonab-CD3
• Other Study ID Numbers: 115495; TRX4006 (OTHER: Tolerx)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Study Data/Documents

1. Clinical Study Report
   Information identifier: 115495
   Information comments: For additional information about this study please refer to the GSK Clinical Study Register
2. Individual Participant Data Set
   Information identifier: 115495
   Information comments: For additional information about this study please refer to the GSK Clinical Study Register
3. Annotated Case Report Form
   Information identifier: 115495
   Information comments: For additional information about this study please refer to the GSK Clinical Study Register
4. Statistical Analysis Plan
   Information identifier: 115495
   Information comments: For additional information about this study please refer to the GSK Clinical Study Register
5. Study Protocol
   Information identifier: 115495
   Information comments: For additional information about this study please refer to the GSK Clinical Study Register
6. Dataset Specification
   Information identifier: 115495
   Information comments: For additional information about this study please refer to the GSK Clinical Study Register
7. Informed Consent Form
   Information identifier: 115495
   Information comments: For additional information about this study please refer to the GSK Clinical Study Register