Body Weight Regulation, Disordered Eating Behaviour, and Experiences of Sexual Harassment in Female Martial Art Athletes (FMAB)

Management of Body Weight Regulation, Symptoms of Low Energy Availability, Body Acceptance, Eating Disorders, and Sexual Harassment Among Female Martial Art Athletes, and Impact of COVID-19 on Training and Sport Participation

Athletes in martial arts compete in categories separated by body weight, hence, many athletes need to adjust their habitual body weight during periods with competition preparation. Athletes competing in weight sensitive sports are previously identified with an increased risk for symptoms of low energy availability and of disordered eating. The methods used for body weight regulation are varied, and athletes without professional competent support, are prone to rely on harmful methods. And of importance, female athletes respond more negatively to attempts of body weight reduction with regards to health effects.

Athletes of martial art are not surrounded by the same professional competence seen in other organized sports within the international sport federations, and specifically health competence is lacking. Additionally, numbers of females competing in martial art have increased the last decade, but they still practice in a sport culture dominated by males; both with reference to the high number of male participants, and with reference to the coaches within this sport. Sports involving practice in intimate, physical interaction with coaches or opposing athletes, and in sports where clothing is minimal, may be a high risk of experiences of sexual harassment. There have been a few reports on harmful methods of body weight regulation within martial arts, however, little knowledge exists on the practice by female martial art athletes, and the related health effects. Information on experiences of sexual harassment have been sparse in sport generally, with very little knowledge from sports like martial arts specifically. This study aims to explore the practice of female martial art athletes on body weight regulation, recovery strategies, their body acceptance and symptoms of eating disorders, and any experiences of sexual harassment. Additionally, with regards to the recent onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, this study also explores the related experiences by the athletes on training- and eating routines.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Covid19; Body Weight Changes; Eating Disorder Symptom; Sexual Harassment; RED S

Detailed Description

Low energy availability is a situation triggered by a low energy intake relatively to the total energy needs. It may typically occur when energy expenditure is increased by sporting activities concurrently to an unconscious or voluntarily insufficient increase in energy intake. This may cause a condition called Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-s), indicating a high risk for several negative health effects and performance deterioration. Athletes competing in body weight sensitive sports or sports categorized by body weight, have been identified with higher prevalence of RED-s, and specifically young females. Although it is the total difference between energy needs and energy availability that causes such scenario, the methods used to regulate body weight do also matter. Athletes without proper guidance on nutritional needs, recovery strategies, and optimal body weight regulation have previously reported use of harmful dieting methods, like purging methods, dehydration methods, and use of pharmaceuticals. Thus, young females competing in weight sensitive sport, not receiving any professional health and performance coaching are at specific risk for acutely and longterm negative health effects from chronic or repeated cycles of body weight reduction.

In a rapidly expanding martial arts industry in the US, there have been several reports on sexual assault. Still, no systematic and first-hand documentation on this issue has been completed. In Norway the same increase in popularity of material arts are noticed, an interest also seen among females. With regards to the limited knowledge on exercise practice, eating routines and health symptoms in female material art athletes, this study aims to expand this. By relying on a cross sectional cohort design with systematic registration of outcomes, this study also aim to expand on current limited knowledge on experiences of sexual harassment among females in material arts.

All females aged 16-35 practicing material arts in Oslo (Norway) at the time of recruitment (september-december 2020) will be invited (estimated to be between 200-300 athletes). All participants will receive information on the aim of this study, and must sign informed consent before participation. All data will be measured once per athlete.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 33

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Norway
  • Oslo, Norway, 0806
    • Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years to 40 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

Female martial art athletes within sports of boxsing, thaiboxing, kickboxsing, judo, jui jitsu, brasilian jui jitsu, submission wrestling, mixed martial arts, taekwondo og karate.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• martial art athlete
• living and training in Oslo-area (main capital) in Norway

Exclusion Criteria:

• not matching sex, age or sport criteria

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Cohort
• Time Perspectives: Cross-Sectional

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Female material art athletes; Females practicing material art during recruitment time, in Oslo-area in Norway

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Low energy availability for females questionnaire (LEAF-Q)	Evaluating intensity in symptoms of low energy availability, with one general score, one subscale measuring symptoms of menstrual irregularities, and one subscale measuring symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction; the three scales having cut-off scores of ≥8 , ≥4 and ≥2, with higher scorings indicating higher clinical severity.	Autumn 2020
Eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-q)	Measuring symptoms of eating disorders and frequency of eating disordered behavior, resulting in one total score, and four subscales (figure concern, weight concern, eating concern and eating restriction). A total score of ≥2.5 indicates high probability of having an eating disorder. Additionally, the scales measures frequency of disordered eating behavior, for which ≥1 episode per week of binge-eating and/or ≥1 episode per week of purging behavior, over a total period of ≥3 months, qualifies for an diagnosis of eating disorder.	Autumn 2020
Body Weight regulation strategies, selfreported	Reports on methods complied with, to achieve body weight reduction (Predefined answers, including an "other" option)	Autumn 2020
Body appreciation scale (BAS-2)	Evaluates the level of body appreciation and acceptance. Questionnaire contains 10-items with a Likert scale ranging from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always), with a higher average score indicating a higher level of body appreciation.	Autumn 2020

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Exercise frequency, selfreported according to a designed questionnaire	Information on exercise frequency (number of sessions per week)	Autumn 2020
Exercise duration, selfreported according to a designed questionnaire	Information on duration of sessions (minutes per session)	Autumn 2020
Exercise motivation, selfreported according to a designed questionnaire	Information on motivation for material arts (reason for choosing the sport, and what level of performance one aims for)	Autumn 2020
Exercise program variation, selfreported according to a designed questionnaire	Information on the different physical activities performed (reports number of different sport activities undertaken during a typical week)	Autumn 2020
Physical activity level, objectively measured	Level of physical activity (counts/minute) objectively measured for seven consecutive days using the ActiGraph accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3x and GT3x+, Actigraph, LCC, Pensacola, Florida, USA)	Autumn 2020
Four day weighed diet registration; energyintake	Four day diet registration by pictures and detailed notes, for analyses of energyintake.	Autumn 2020
Four day weighed diet registration; nutrient intake	Four day diet registration by pictures and detailed notes, for nutrient analyses. The outcomes will be analysed for total intake of micronutrients specifically found to be in risk of insufficient intake among young norwegian females (calcium, vit-D, folic acid, iodine) and considering their specific needs due to high levels of physically activity (iron and vitamin C) (all given by mg nutrient consumed)	Autumn 2020
Experiences of sexual harassment	Questions on experiences of sexual harassment, current experience of such, and frequency of such episodes.	Autumn 2020
Effects from Covid-19 pandemic on exercise- and eating routines, designed questionnaire	Questions on whether covid-19 changed their normal exercise and diet routines (yes/no), if this related to increased or decreased training volume or change in activity preferences. Additionally, whether the pandemic period has changed their energy intake (increased/decreased).	Autumn 2020

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
• Collaborators: University of Oslo; Ostfold University College
• Investigators: Study Director: Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen, PhD, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 10, 2020
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 30, 2021
• Study Completion (Actual): May 30, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 25, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 16, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): September 23, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 12, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 8, 2021
• Last Verified: July 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Mental health; body weight; physical health; Eating disorders; Body dissatisfaction; female athletes; Body acceptance
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Coronavirus Infections; Coronaviridae Infections; Nidovirales Infections; RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Pneumonia, Viral; Pneumonia; Lung Diseases; COVID-19; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Body Weight; Body Weight Changes
• Other Study ID Numbers: 20/00378

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No
• IPD Plan Description: Data are kept within the scientific group

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No