The Turkish Version of Pain Coping Questionnaire
The Turkish Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability Study of the Pain Coping Questionnaire
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Detailed Description
Pain is a biopsychosocial term that comprises sensory, cognitive, and emotional factors. The biological, psychological, and cognitive aspects of pain are all present. Pain symptoms and comorbid symptoms are biological characteristics; anxiety, depression, and rage are psychological characteristics; and the ability to cope, catastrophize, and manage pain are cognitive characteristics. As a result, pain is influenced by a person's past experiences and beliefs. Pain that lasts longer than three months is referred to as chronic pain. A major issue is the high prevalence of chronic pain in children. Children with chronic pain have a lower quality of life than their healthy peers. Furthermore, this effect is unrelated to the degree of biological damage. Some children are more sensitive to pain than others, regardless of the severity of the condition. Because psychological, cognitive, and social variables influence an individual's perception of pain in addition to biological tissue damage.
The use of coping techniques in children varies based on the diagnosis, age, and gender of the child, according to the literature. Inadequate coping techniques are linked to a lower quality of life and increased pain severity. As a result, pain assessment in children with chronic pain should be done within a biopsychosocial framework. Various assessments have been developed to assess children's pain tolerating abilities. The Pain Coping Questionnaire (PCQ) was created to evaluate problem-focused, emotional-focused, and avoidance-focused coping strategies in children. It's the most commonly used scale for assessing children's coping techniques. The purpose of this study is to show that the Turkish version of the Pain Coping Questionnaire is valid and reliable (PCQ).
Study Type
Enrollment (Estimated)
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Antalya, Turkey
- Akdeniz University
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Sampling Method
Study Population
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age between 6 years and 18 years;
- Diagnosed with chronic pain.
- To have the cognitive ability to answer questions for assessment.
- Completing the test-retest assessment.
- To be able to read and speak Turkish
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patients with unmanageable psychological disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder) would be excluded from the study.
- Patients who started a new treatment during the trial or 6 weeks before to the study for chronic pain.
- Those who take analgesics 48 hours prior to study evaluations
Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Children:
- Healthy children aged 6-18 years old
- Children without a psychiatric and neurological diagnosis
Exclusion Criteria for Healthy Children:
- Children got medical treatment for a neuropsychiatric disorder
- Children whose parents or themselves refused to participate
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
Cohorts and Interventions
Group / Cohort |
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Chronic pain group
Children with chronic pain
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Health group
children without chronic pain
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
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Evaluation of coping strategies
Time Frame: Baseline
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Pain Coping Questionnaire: Evaluates the coping strategies of children and adolescents with a total of 39 items in 8 subscale.
These are seeking knowledge, problem solving, seeking social support, positive self-suggestion, behavioral distraction, cognitive distraction, externalization, and internalization/catastrophizing.
Items are assessed on a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating never and 5 indicating very often.
Higher ratings indicate higher use of coping strategy.
PCQ consists of parent and adolescent form.
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Baseline
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Evaluation of pain
Time Frame: Baseline
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Wong baker faces pain scale: It is a valid and reliable scale preferred by children and their families to evaluate the severity of pain.
It consists of 6 facial expressions that symbolize the severity of pain.
These show the stages of increased pain from a smiling face (0 points) to a very sad and crying face (10 points).
The meaning of each facial expression is carefully explained to the child.
Children rate pain intensity according to face shapes.
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Baseline
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
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Evaluation of pain acceptance
Time Frame: Baseline
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Pain Flexibility Scale for Children: The scale assesses children's pain acceptance in chronic pain.It has a total of 20 questions divided into two sub-sections: valued activities and pain resistance.
Pain resistance examines pain avoidance and control, whereas valued behaviors assesses involvement in meaningful activities despite pain.
The scale is a seven-point Likert scale, with 0 indicating total disagreement (never true), and 6 indicating total agreement (Always true).
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Baseline
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Investigators
- Study Director: Ozgun Kaya Kara, Assoc. Prof., Akdeniz University
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Liossi C, Howard RF. Pediatric Chronic Pain: Biopsychosocial Assessment and Formulation. Pediatrics. 2016 Nov;138(5):e20160331. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-0331. Epub 2016 Oct 14.
- Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R, Cohen M, Evers S, Finnerup NB, First MB, Giamberardino MA, Kaasa S, Kosek E, Lavand'homme P, Nicholas M, Perrot S, Scholz J, Schug S, Smith BH, Svensson P, Vlaeyen JWS, Wang SJ. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 2015 Jun;156(6):1003-1007. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160. No abstract available.
- Huguet A, Miro J. The severity of chronic pediatric pain: an epidemiological study. J Pain. 2008 Mar;9(3):226-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.10.015. Epub 2007 Dec 21.
- Fraga MM, Terreri MT, Azevedo RT, Hilario MOE, Len CA. PAIN PERCEPTION AND PAIN COPING MECHANISMS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH JUVENILE FIBROMYALGIA AND POLYARTICULAR JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2019 Jan-Mar;37(1):11-19. doi: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2019;37;1;00006. Epub 2018 Jun 11.
- Failo A, Beals-Erickson SE, Venuti P. Coping strategies and emotional well-being in children with disease-related pain. J Child Health Care. 2018 Mar;22(1):84-96. doi: 10.1177/1367493517749326. Epub 2017 Dec 19.
- Hermann C, Hohmeister J, Zohsel K, Ebinger F, Flor H. The assessment of pain coping and pain-related cognitions in children and adolescents: current methods and further development. J Pain. 2007 Oct;8(10):802-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.05.010. Epub 2007 Jul 12.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Estimated)
Study Completion (Estimated)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- 2022-125
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
IPD Plan Description
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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