Parasite Clearance and Protection from Infection (PCPI) in Cameroon

March 10, 2025 updated by: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

Effect of Single-course Malaria Chemoprevention on Clearance of and Protection from Plasmodium Falciparum Infection in the Presence of Resistance-associated Genotypes in Cameroon

The Cameroon PCPI study will measure the effect of the parasite genotypes associated with SP resistance on parasite clearance and protection from infection when exposed to SP. The total number of participants is expected to be 900 healthy between 3 to 5 years old who have no symptoms of malaria infection of which 450 children will be assigned to the SP group, 250 to the SPAQ group, and 200 to the AS group. The results of this study will allow to measure the effect of the parasite genotypes associated with SP resistance on parasite clearance and protection from infection when exposed to SP.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently published new malaria chemoprevention guidelines that included a recommendation for the provision of perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) to children resident in areas of high malaria transmission. PMC is the successor to an intervention originally known to as intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in infants (IPTi) that involved SP dosing of children at 2, 3 and 9 months of age during vaccination visits of the Essential Programme on Immunization (EPI) that coincide with the 2nd and 3rd doses of the DPT/Penta and measles vaccines. Under the new PMC guidelines, countries are now encouraged to increase the number and frequency of SP doses, and to extend the target age beyond the first year of life.1 Evidence supporting PMC comes in part from meta-analysis2 of six randomised placebo-controlled trials3-8 that demonstrated the protective effect of SP against clinical malaria, anaemia, hospital admissions due to malaria infection, and all-cause hospital admissions. Biomarkers of SP resistance, however, vary in different malaria-endemic settings and have been shown to compromise its protective effect.

In East and Southern Africa, Plasmodium falciparum parasites carry a high frequency of mutations in the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes with differing degrees of effect. In Mozambique, for example, SP was protective against malaria infection despite the Pfdhps A437G plus K540E double mutation circulating in over one-half, 52.3%, of P. falciparum (Pf) parasites. 5,9,10 In contrast, SP showed no protective effect in an IPTi trial in Northeastern Tanzania11 where 94.3% of Pf parasites had Pfdhps K540E. However, in this trial, the Pfdhps A581G mutation was also present in 55.0% of Pf parasites, forming the haplotype ISGEGA at codons 431, 436, 437, 540, 581 and 613.12 Thus, Pf appears to be highly resistant to SP where the A581G mutation is concurrently expressed with K540E. Fortunately, for PMC with SP there are few locations in East Africa where the combination of K540E and A581G circulate; most areas across Central, East and Southern Africa have parasites that contain the K540E without the A581G mutation (Pfdhps haplotype ISGEAA). The prevalence threshold of the ISGEAA haplotype at which SP is no longer protective is unknown. Indeed, there may not be an upper limit, although empirical studies are needed to confirm this.

In West Africa, specifically the Sahel region, there are emerging parasite genotypes that harbour a distinct haplotype of Pfdhps, VAGKGS,13,14 which lacks the K540E. These observations have come from molecular monitoring conducted alongside the delivery of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) with SP, and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) that targets children under 5 years of age with a combination of SP plus amodiaquine (AQ). The VAGKGS haplotype, and the related VAGKAS and VAGKAA, have been reported in 2-40% of Pf parasites in Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria. The current distribution of parasites harbouring these genotypes is only partially described, and the effect these mutations have on parasite susceptibility to SP remains unknown. Nevertheless, it is possible that parasites harbouring Pfdhps-VAGKGS pose a threat to the effectiveness of PMC with SP or other SP-containing chemoprevention strategies in some parts of the West African Sahel. Thus, there are two clear evidence gaps, one in East/Southern Africa and another in West Africa, which the PCPI (parasite clearance and protection from infection) protocol has been developed to fill. This particular version of the PCPI protocol has been written for use in Cameroon. Another PCPI protocol has been submitted for Zambia with different sample sizes, but with the same approach.

Our aim with the PCPI studies is to evaluate a single-dose of malaria chemoprevention where genotypes (Pfdhps haplotypes ISGEAA and VAGKGS) are associated with SP resistance among healthy and symptom-free children between 3-5 years of age with unknown parasite status. In Cameroon, our objective is to measure parasite clearance and protection from infection conferred by malaria chemoprevention over a 63-day period in the presence/absence of the Pfdhps I431V mutation.

The new WHO chemoprevention guidelines remove the upper age limit of 12 months so that countries may evaluate PMC among a broader range of ages. We selected an age range for eligibility from 3 years and 0 days to 4 years and 364 days with the rationale being that 3-4 years old are more likely to tolerate PMC dosing better than children 0-2 years old. They are also more likely to have some modest level of semi-immunity and, therefore, are less likely to develop a clinical episode of malaria during the follow-up period relative to children who are 0-2 years of age.

After screening for eligibility, asymptomatic children based on a clinical examination and temperature reading will be randomised into one of four treatment groups on Day minus 7 (see Box 1). Children randomised to Groups 1-2 will receive placebo artesunate monotherapy for seven consecutive days. On Day 0, children in Groups 1-2 will then be given antimalarial chemoprevention therapy. In contrast, children randomised into Group 3 will receive active artesunate monotherapy for seven consecutive days and SP placebo on Day 0. Group 3 will establish one sub-set of children who are parasite-free at Day 0, and allow for an accurate estimate of background incidence (reflecting transmission intensity) to which all groups will be exposed during follow up. In addition, this group allows a more accurate estimation of underlying frequency of Pfdhps 431V mutations in the parasite population. Part of the rationale, as well, is to look at parasite clearance among those who were qPCR-positive at Day 0 and time to incident infection among qPCR-negative at Day 0. This will inform parameters of models we will use in data analysis. All children in Groups 1-3 will be followed 70 days total, 63 days (9-week period total) following treatment.

Box 1: Summary of treatments and children per group Group Treatment No. Children

  1. sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP)1 450
  2. sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine (SPAQ)1 250
  3. artesunate monotherapy (AS)2 200

Sample collection will be conducted at scheduled visits on Days 0, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 visits as children provide a pin-prick of blood for a film slide and a dried blood-spot (DBS) on filter paper. On Days 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 visits, only DBS will be collected. A study physician will be available 24 hours a day for unscheduled visits to review study subjects who develop symptoms.

All children will be screened for malaria symptoms, including a temperature check, at all contacts - scheduled visits and unscheduled visits - during their involvement in the study. All symptomatic children will have a malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) administered and a blood film taken. If a child is RDT-positive at any scheduled or unscheduled visit, the RDT will be stored for future genotyping rather than collecting a separate DBS. In all instances of a positive RDT, children will receive a full course of first-line therapy, artemether-lumefantrine (AL). Children who have an RDT diagnosis will no longer contribute to any future endpoints of the trial, but they will be asked to continue with symptom screening for the full follow-up period to Day 63 and, if symptomatic, they will be tested by RDT and again treated with first-line therapy if found positive and at least 28 days have elapsed since their previous AL-treated febrile episode. Where a child has a second febrile episode within 28 days with RDT-confirmed recurrent parasitaemia, the second-line treatment in Cameroon, artesunate-pyronaridine, will be administered. This ensures quality care is equitable for all participants, regardless of treatment group allocation.

The duration of follow-up in the PCPI protocol was carefully considered. Most study designs of malaria treatment efficacy have a primary endpoint of parasitaemia (present/absent) measured by slide microscopy at Day 28 (4 weeks) with PCR correction, an approach also outlined in the new WHO chemoprevention efficacy study (CPES) protocol.15 This study is consistent with procedures for the PCPI protocol. Consequently, data derived from PCPI studies will be comparable with data from other studies, including those conducted using the CPES protocol. The CPES protocol defines chemoprevention efficacy as both the ability to clear existing parasites and prevent a new infection for a short period (of 28 days). However, PCPI studies will separate resistance effects on these two outcomes of clearance and protection and extend the follow up period to Day 63 (9 weeks). This allows for better quantification of the protective efficacy against new infections by genotype, particularly when the mean duration of protection against more sensitive strains is higher or close to 28 days. Additionally, the choice of a 63-day follow-up simulates what might be the protective efficacy in a scenario where chemoprevention is administered to children every two months. This will be increasingly important for comparison purposes through meta-analysis as longer-acting interventions, including introduction of monoclonal therapies and malaria vaccines.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

902

Phase

  • Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Cameroon
      • Magba, Cameroon
        • Malantouen District Hospital Catchment Area

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Be 3-5 years old
  • Exhibit no symptoms of malaria
  • Have parents/guardians willing to have their child participate in all follow-up visits and seek care from study staff
  • Reside in the study catchment area

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Have evidence of acute illness as determined by clinical examination
  • Exhibit symptoms of malaria (axillary fever ≥ 37.5 °C and / or history of fever in past 48 hours)
  • Have known allergy to study medications
  • Have received antimalarial treatment or azithromycin within 28 days prior to screening
  • Be concomitantly receiving co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)
  • Be categorised as severely malnourished according to WHO child growth standards

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Quadruple

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP)
Groups in the SP group will receive a 7-day course of placebo artesunate (at day -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, and -1), followed by a single course of SP plus placebo AQ for 3 days.
Drug: SP (Macleods Pharmaceuticals Ltd)
Children who weigh <10kg will receive Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine paediatric formulation (250mg/12.5mg) dispersable tablets; children who weigh >10kg will receive 500mg sulfadoxine plus 25mg pyrimethamine
Active Comparator: Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine (SPAQ)
Groups in the SPAQ group will receive a 7-day course of placebo artesunate (at day -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, and -1), followed a single course of placebo SP placebo plus AQ for 3 days.
Drug: SPAQ (Guilin Pharmaceuticals)
Children will receive 500mg sulfadoxine plus 25mg pyrimethamine as one tablet, and 153mg amodiaquine (as hydrochloride) as one tablet on Day 0, and Children will 153mg amodiaquine (as hydrochloride) as one tablet on days 1 and 2.
Active Comparator: Artesunate monotherapy (AS)
Groups in the AS group will receive a 7-day course of active artesunate (at day -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, and -1), followed a single course of placebo SP plus placebo AQ for 3 days.
Drug: AS (Guilin Pharmaceuticals)
Children will receive 4 mg/kg/day for 7 days

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Protection from infection
Time Frame: 28 days (total follow up 63 days post SP dose)
(a) Mean duration of SP protection against parasite genotypes determined by Pfdhps gene sequence presence/absence of Pfdhps K540E among SP recipients who were parasite-free on Day 0 by qPCR (b) Mean duration of symptom-free status among SP recipients who were parasite free on Day 0 by qPCR, stratified by parasite Pfdhps genotype at time of febrile malaria episode
28 days (total follow up 63 days post SP dose)
Parasite clearance
Time Frame: 28 days (total follow up 63 days post SP dose)
Time to clearance of parasite genotypes among SP recipients who were positive on Day 0 by qPCR (presence/absence of Pfdhps I431V) and measured to Day 63
28 days (total follow up 63 days post SP dose)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Parasite clearance
Time Frame: 7 days (day 0 until day 7)
Time to clearance of parasite genotypes among SPAQ recipients positive at Day 0 by qPCR (presence/absence of Pfdhps I431V) and measured to Day 63
7 days (day 0 until day 7)
Protection from infection
Time Frame: 35 days (day 0 until day 38)
(a) Mean duration of SPAQ protection by qPCR (b) Mean duration of symptom-free status among SPAQ recipients
35 days (day 0 until day 38)
Therapeutic efficacy outcomes
Time Frame: 28 days (day 0 until day 28)
For SP: (a)Acute clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) at Day 28 by presence/absence of Pfdhps I431V (b) ACPR at Day 28 by presence/absence of Pfdhps I431V + Pfdhps A581G For SPAQ: ACPR at Day 28
28 days (day 0 until day 28)

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: R Matthew Chico, MPH, PhD, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

June 10, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

December 25, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

March 5, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

December 7, 2023

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

December 7, 2023

First Posted (Actual)

December 15, 2023

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

March 25, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

March 10, 2025

Last Verified

June 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 2022-KEP-814

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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