Multifaceted Analysis of the Adaptation of Rowers in the Process of Sports Training

This study aims to analyze in detail selected indicators of appetite regulation, metabolism, and iron balance in competitive rowers undergoing intense exercise. The project involves assessing dynamic hormonal and biochemical changes in the athletes' bodies, which will allow a better understanding of the body's adaptive mechanisms to prolonged physical strain.

Research group: the research will be conducted in a homogeneous group of professional rowers (N=30), all competitors qualified for the Polish Youth Rowing Team:

• aged 19 - 24, because the age group must be homogeneous,
• the size of the group is about thirty people, which in the case of a homogeneous group will enable statistical analyzes to be conducted.

Rowing performance test: At the beginning and end of the training camp, participants will perform a test on a rowing ergometer (Concept II, USA). Each subject will have to cover a distance of 2000 m in the shortest possible time, which is the distance starting in rowing competitions. The results of both tests will be considered in the selection for the championship team; therefore, athletes will be well motivated to perform both tests with maximum effort.

Blood samples will be taken from the cubital vein at three-time points: before each ergometer test (after overnight fasting), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Nervous System Diseases; Inflammation; Muscle Damage; Ferroptosis
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Physical effort

Detailed Description

The study aims to conduct a detailed analysis of selected indicators of appetite regulation, metabolism, inflammation, and iron balance in competitive rowers undergoing intense exercise. The project involves assessing dynamic hormonal and biochemical changes in the athletes' bodies, which will allow for a better understanding of the body's adaptive mechanisms to prolonged physical strain.

Research group: The research will be conducted in a homogeneous group of professional rowers (N=30), all competitors qualified for the Polish Youth. Rowing Team:

• aged 19 - 24, because the age group must be homogeneous,
• the size of the group is about thirty people, which in the case of a homogeneous group will enable statistical analyzes to be conducted.

Rowing performance test: at the beginning and at the end of the training camp, participants will perform a test on a rowing ergometer (Concept II, USA), each subject will have to cover a distance of 2000 m in the shortest possible time, which is the distance starting in rowing competitions. The results of both tests will be considered in the selection for the championship team; therefore, athletes will be well motivated to perform both tests with maximum effort.

Blood samples will be taken from the cubital vein at three-time points: before each ergometer test (after overnight fasting), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.

Measurement: All determined parameters will be measured with the available equipment in the biochemical laboratory of Poznan University of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences in Gorzow Wlkp., using commercial assay kits. Measurements will be performed by the project contractors.

1. Polyethylene tubes (4.9 ml) containing dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTAK2) anticoagulant will be used for the following tests:

   (a) complete blood count (18 parameters) determined on the MYTHIC 18 hematology analyzer (Orphee Medical, Geneva, Switzerland). White blood cell indices: WBC (white blood cells), LYM (lymphocytes as a percentage), LYM (lymphocytes), MON (monocytes as a percentage), MON (monocytes), GRA (granulocytes as a percentage), GRA (granulocytes). Red blood cell indices: RBC (Red Blood Cells), HGB (Hemoglobin), HCT (Hematocrit), MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume), MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin), MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration), RDW (Red Blood cells Distribution Width). Platelet indices: PLT (Platelet), MPV (Mean Platelet Volume), PDW (Platelet Distribution Width), PCT (Thrombocrit) (b) gene expression.

2. Polyethylene clotting activator tubes (9 ml) will be centrifuged to separate the morphotic elements from the serum using a centrifuge (3000 rpm for 10 min). The serum will be pipetted into several Eppendorf tubes, which will then be frozen (temp. -80°C). All the following biochemical parameters will be determined from the extracted serum: using the ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions. The designations include the flowing parameters:

   1. Analysis of leptin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) levels will allow assessment of dynamic hormonal changes in rowers in relation to training intensity, energy availability and diet composition.

      • Leptin (LEP) - a satiety hormone whose levels may be reduced in athletes with low levels of body fat.
      • Ghrelin (GHRL) - a hunger hormone that increases in states of energy deficit and may affect the regulation of caloric intake.
      • GLP-1, PYY, PP and CCK - intestinal peptides involved in appetite suppression and modulation of insulin secretion and fat metabolism.

   2. Biochemical and hormonal parameters

      Stress and recovery hormones:

      • Cortisol - a marker of stress response and catabolism.
      • Testosterone - a key anabolic hormone, whose ratio to cortisol (T/C) helps assess the balance between anabolism and catabolism.

      Neurotransmitters associated with fatigue resistance:

      • Serotonin - important in regulating mood and central fatigue; its excess can contribute to lethargy and decreased motivation.
      • Dopamine - crucial for motivation and mental performance; decreased levels may indicate neurotransmitter depletion.

      Sex hormones and metabolic balance:

      • Estradiol
      • Progesterone - in women indicators of menstrual cycle and hormonal balance,

   3. ferroptosis parameters

      • antioxidants: glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4),
      • markers of oxidative stress: 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1)
      • iron status parameters: soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin, erythroferrone, lactoferrin

      The iron and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) levels will be determined using the colorimetric method on the SPECTROstar Nano reader. Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC) will be calculated from the formula: UIBC = TIBC-iron in serum)

   4. Markers of energy metabolism:

      • Glucose - a key energy source for working muscles, to assess how the body regulates carbohydrate metabolism during and after exercise.
      • Glycogen - an important indicator of energy reserve utilization during high intensities, to determine the level of energy reserve utilization.
      • Insulin - responsible for the transport of glucose into muscle cells and to assess how the body manages energy before, during and after exercise, and whether adaptation to load is effective,
      • Lactic acid - an indicator of exercise intensity and the balance between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

   Markers of muscle damage:

   • CK (creatine kinase), myoglobin - increases with muscle damage, especially after intense exercise, allows to assess the degree of fatigue and risk of overtraining.
   • interleukin-6 (IL-6) - mediator of inflammatory response and marker of fatigue; rises after intense exercise, indicates fatigue and recovery processes.

   Markers of metabolic adaptation and recovery:

   - fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) - , a protein, regulates metabolism and restoration of energy resources, allows assessment of the body's adaptation to intense exercise.

3. Using a portable analyzer system for measuring blood gas, electrolytes and metabolites (epoc®), using dedicated epoc® test cards. Measured parameters: Direct: pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), total plasma carbon dioxide (tCO2), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++), chlorine (Cl-), hematocrit (Hct), glukose (glu), Lactic Acid (Lac), Crea, Urea, urea nitrogen (BUN). Calculated values: cHgb, bicarbonate level (cHCO3), cTCO2, excess base in extracellular fluid (BE ecf), BE(b), total blood saturation (cSO2), glomerular filtration rate (GFRmdr), GFRmdr-a, GFRckd, GFRckd-a, GFRswz, anion gap (AGAP), AGapK, BUN/Crea, Urea/Crea. It will be determined from capillary blood taken from the earlobe (90 µl). Lactic acid will be determined from capillary blood taken from the earlobe (10 µl). The determination will be performed with dedicated reagents, using a portable biochemical photometer Vario Photometer II (Diaglobal, Berlin, Germany).

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 30

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Poland
  • Poznan, Poland, 61-871
    • Poznań University of Physical Education

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The Polish Youth Rowing Team

Description

1. Inclusion Criteria:

   • consent to participate in the study,
   • regular training regimen,
   • current medical examination,
   • no health contraindications (to be decided by a doctor).

2. Exclusion Criteria:

   • Lack of consent for blood draws,
   • injuries,
   • health problems,
   • anti-inflammatory drugs,
   • supportive substances, supplements in the last 3 months before the start of the study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Physical effort; Rowers will perform an intensive exercise test on a rowing ergometer (Concept II, USA), covering a distance of 2000 meters in the shortest time possible. The test on the rowing ergometer will be performed under the supervision of a physician.	Other: Physical effort; The examined athletes will be subjected to an effort on a rowing ergometer, covering a designated distance in the shortest possible time.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Baseline Mood Profile of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using POMS Questionnaire.	The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire measures mood states and emotional well-being.	At rest (before the exercise test).
Baseline Eating Behavior and Attitudes of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using EDE-Q 6.0 Questionnaire.	The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) measures the severity of eating disorder behaviors and attitudes.	At rest (before the exercise test).
The Blood morphology	Using MYTHIC18 hematology analyzer (Cormay Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland). Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of morphological elements of blood (determination in venous blood).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in Glycogen level.	Concentration of glycogen [ng/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline Insulin level.	Concentration of insulin [μIU/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baselineCreatine kinase activity (CK) level.	Concetration of CK [ng/ml]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline interleukin-6 (Il-6) level.	Concentration of Il-6 [pg/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) level.	Concentration of FGF-21 [pg/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in lactic acid (LA) level.	Concetration of LA [mmol/l]. Using a portable biochemical photometer Vario Photometer II (Diaglobal, Berlin, Germany) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Gene expression	Genes studied: LEP, GHRL, AGRP, GOT1 and GPX4. RNA isolation will be performed by the column method on the Direct-zol™ RNA MiniPrep Plus Kits, according to the test manufacturer's instructions. Gene expression analysis from cells isolated from blood will be performed by reverse transcription using TaqMan	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in testosterone level.	Concentration of testosterone [ng/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in serotonin level.	Concentration of serotonin [ng/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery
Changes from baseline in progesterone level.	Concentration of progesterone [ng/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery
Changes from baseline in estradiol level.	Concentration of estradiol [ng/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery
Changes from baseline in dopamine level.	Concentration of dopamine [ng/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery
Baseline Mental Toughness in Sport measured using the Scale of Mental Toughness in Sport (SMTQ)	Scale of Mental Toughness in Sport (SMTQ) - to assess an athlete's ability to cope with training loads and stress	At rest (before the exercise test).
Baseline Appetite Assessment of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).	The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) measures subjective appetite sensations-linear scale from one to 10 where 10 is the strongest feeling.	At rest (before the exercise test).
Changes from baseline in leptin(LEP) level.	Satiety regulation marker. Concentration of leptin [pg/ml].ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level.	Satiety regulation marker. Concentration of GLP-1 [pg/ml]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in peptide YY (PYY) level.	Satiety regulation marker. Concentration of leptin [pg/ml]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in pancreatic polipeptide (PP) level.	Satiety regulation marker. Concentration of PP [pg/ml]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in ghrelin (GHRL) level.	Hunger regulation marker. Concentration of GHRL [pg/ml].ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in cholocystokinin (CCK) level.	Satiety regulation marker. Concentration of CCK [pg/ml].ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in Soluble transferrin receptor level.	Concentration of Soluble transferrin receptor [μg/ml]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in Ferritin level.	Concentration of ferritin [ng/mL]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) level.	Concentration of 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) [pg/ml]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) level.	Concentration of Human Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) [ng/mL]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in Glutathione level.	Concentration of Glutathione (GSH) [μg/mL]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in Heme Oxygenase 1(HO-1) level.	Concentration of Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1) [ng/mL]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in Erythroferrone level.	Concentration of erythroferrone [ng/mL]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in Lactoferrin level.	Concentration of lactoferrin [ng/mL]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in Iron (Fe) level.	The iron level [µg/dL] will be determined using the colorimetric method on the SPECTROstar Nano reader.	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - urea nitrogen (BUN) level.	Concentration of BUN [ml/dl]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - anion gap (AGAP) level.	Concentration of AGAP [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - excess base in extracellular fluid (BE ecf) level.	Concentration of Be ecf [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - sodium (Na) level.	Concentration of Na [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - calcium (Ca) level.	Concentration of Ca [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - potassium (K) level.	Concentration of K [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - chlorine (Cl) level.	Concentration of Cl [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - bicarbonate level (cHCO3).	Concentration of cHCO3 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - total plasma CO2 (tCO2) level.	Concentration of tCO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2)	Concentration of pCO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)	Concentration of pO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance -total blood saturation (cSO2) level.	Concentration of cSO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - urea level.	Concentration of urea [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - crea level.	Concentration of crea [mg/dl]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - hematocrit [hct] level.	Concentration of hct [%]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - hemoglobin [chgb] level.	Concentration of chgb [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - glukose [glu] level.	Concentration of glu [mg/dl]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).	At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour recovery period.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Antropometric characteristic - height	Prior to the exercise test, we measured the anthropometric parameters, including height (Seca 213 Hamburg, Deutschland) [cm]	Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - weight	Prior to the exercise test, we measured the anthropometric parameters, including weight (Tanita BC 418 MA, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) [kg]	Day 1 after overall fast
Food record - energy	Participants will prepare a food record. The results will be calculated using the dietetykpro program: energy [kcal]	Day before the Day 1, in the morning at Day 1
Food record - protein	Participants will prepare a food record. The results will be calculated using the dietetykpro program: protein [g]	Day before the Day 1, in the morning at Day 1
Food record - carobhydrates	Participants will prepare a food record. The results will be calculated using the dietetykpro program: carbohydrates [g]	Day before the Day 1, in the morning at Day 1
Food record - fiber	Participants will prepare a food record. The results will be calculated using the dietetykpro program: fiber [g]	Day before the Day 1, in the morning at Day 1
Food record - fat	Participants will prepare a food record. The results will be calculated using the dietetykpro program: fat [g]	Day before the Day 1, in the morning at Day 1
Antropometric characteristic - LBM	Prior to the exercise test, we measured the anthropometric parameters, including lean body mas (Tanita BC 418 MA, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) [kg]	Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - TBW	Prior to the exercise test, we measured the anthropometric parameters, including total body water (Tanita BC 418 MA, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) [kg]	Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - Water%	Prior to the exercise test, we measured the anthropometric parameters, including water (Tanita BC 418 MA, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) [%]	Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - FAT	Prior to the exercise test, we measured the anthropometric parameters, including fat (Tanita BC 418 MA, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) [%]	Day 1 after overall fast

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Poznan University of Physical Education
• Investigators: Study Director: Anna Skarpańska-Stejborn, Professor, Poznań University of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): March 29, 2025
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 28, 2025
• Study Completion (Actual): June 29, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 3, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 17, 2025
• First Posted (Actual): March 24, 2025

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): September 11, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 4, 2025
• Last Verified: February 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Inflammation; Nervous System Diseases; Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena; Physical Exertion
• Other Study ID Numbers: Rowers 2025

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No