Association of Coffee With Periodontal Status (acpc)

Association of Coffee Consumption With Periodontal Health and Disease: An Observational Study

A total of 318 patients applying to Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University will be included in the study. Based on anamnesis, radiographic examination, and the 2018 classification of periodontal diseases, the participants will be categorized into three groups: periodontal health (n=106), gingivitis (n=106), and periodontitis (n=106). Information regarding participants' coffee consumption habits and their daily coffee intake will be collected. Clinical parameters to be measured will include plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and clinical attachment level.

The frequency of coffee consumption will be evaluated as daily, 1-2 times per week, 3-4 times per week, once per month, twice per month, and once per year. The amount of coffee consumed at a single occasion (cup, glass, mug, etc.) will also be recorded. In caffeinated coffee consumption, the preference for weak, moderate, or strong coffee, as well as consumption with milk, condensed milk, sugar, honey, or sweeteners will be assessed. For Turkish coffee, the consumption pattern will be categorized as unsweetened, moderately sweetened, or sweetened.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Periodontal Diseases
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: coffee

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 318

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • Bolu, Turkey (Türkiye), 14030
    • Bolu abant Izzet Baysal University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Individuals with periodontitis, gingivitis, and periodontal disease

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy individuals were between 18 and 65 years

Exclusion Criteria:

• Individuals were excluded if they had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, were current smokers, had a diagnosis of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, were pregnant, or were breastfeeding.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

3

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Periodontitis; It refers to a chronic inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth, characterized by progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, with pocket formation and/or gingival recession.	Other: coffee; The type of coffee consumed, the daily amount of coffee, and the frequency of consumption were measured.
Gingivitis; It refers to a reversible inflammation of the gingival tissues without loss of periodontal attachment. The condition is primarily induced by dental plaque accumulation and is characterized clinically by signs such as gingival redness, swelling, and bleeding on probing.	Other: coffee; The type of coffee consumed, the daily amount of coffee, and the frequency of consumption were measured.
Periodontal health; Periodontal health refers to the absence of clinical signs of inflammation in the periodontium, with stable supporting tissues and no evidence of attachment loss or bone destruction.	Other: coffee; The type of coffee consumed, the daily amount of coffee, and the frequency of consumption were measured.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
bleeding on probing	To test for bleeding after probing, the probe is carefully introduced to the bottom of the pocket and gently moved laterally along the pocket wall. + is maximum and - is minimum.	baseline
Frequency of consumption of fermented foods	the frequency of fermented foods is measured. The foods questioned were evaluated using a 7-point Likert-type frequency form (every day, 3-4 per week, 1-2 per week, 2 per month, 1 per month, never). In addition, the amounts of foods consumed each time were recorded, and the daily consumption amounts were obtained by dividing them by the frequency of consumption.	baseline
periodontal pocket depth	physical methods to measure the distance from the bottom of a pocket to a reference line, usually the gingival margin or the cemento-enamel junction.	Baseline

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
clinical attachment level	The clinical attachment level (CAL) and radiographically assessed bone levels are used to assess the loss of periodontal tissue support in periodontitis, a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory disease of the periodontium.	baseline
plaque index	an index for estimating the status of oral hygiene by measuring dental plaque that occurs in the areas adjacent to the gingival margin. 0 is minimum and 3 is maximum. The situation worsens as the score increases.	baseline
gingival index	The Gingival Index (GI) scores each site on a 0 to 3 scale, with 0 being normal and 3 being severe inflammation characterized by edema, redness, swelling, and spontaneous bleeding. 0 is minimum and 3 is maximum. The situation worsens as the score increases.	baseline

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Tuğba ŞAHİN

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 19, 2024
• Primary Completion (Actual): July 28, 2025
• Study Completion (Actual): August 28, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 3, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 3, 2025
• First Posted (Estimated): September 10, 2025

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): November 21, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 18, 2025
• Last Verified: November 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: coffee; periodontitis; periodontal disease
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mouth Diseases; Stomatognathic Diseases; Periodontitis; Periodontal Diseases; Diet, Food, and Nutrition; Physiological Phenomena; Food and Beverages; Beverages; Plant Preparations; Biological Products; Complex Mixtures; Coffee
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2024/311

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No