The Effect of Systemic Factors on Peri-implant Health Status and Clinical Indices

The Effect of Systemic Factors on Peri-implant Health Status and Clinical Indices: A Cross-sectional Study

This cross-sectional study evaluates the impact of systemic risk factors, including diabetes mellitus, smoking, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis, on peri-implant health status and clinical indices. The study included 93 patients with a total of 314 implants that have been in function for at least three years. The primary goal is to determine how these systemic conditions influence the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Peri-implantitis; Peri-implant Mucositis; Dental Implants
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Clinical and Radiographic Periodontal Assessment

Detailed Description

Clinical parameters, including Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PI), and Probing Depth (PD), were measured using a standard periodontal probe. Radiographic assessments were performed to evaluate bone loss in accordance with European Periodontology Workshop guidelines. Peri-implant health status was categorized into three groups: healthy, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis. Data analysis was conducted using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests to examine the associations between systemic factors and peri-implant tissues.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 93

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • Malatya
    • Battalgazi, Malatya, Turkey (Türkiye), 44300
      • Inonu University Faculty of Dentistry

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The study population consists of patients who visited the Department of Periodontology at Inonu University Faculty of Dentistry. The sample includes systemically healthy individuals and patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, or osteoporosis, as well as current smokers.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with at least one dental implant in function for at least three years.
• Patients aged between 27 and 72 years.
• Availability of complete clinical and radiographic records.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Implants in function for less than 3 years.
• Pregnancy or lactation.
• History of radiation therapy in the head and neck region

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

5

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Smoking Group; Patients who are current smokers or use tobacco products	Other: Clinical and Radiographic Periodontal Assessment; Clinical parameters (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Probing Depth) and radiographic assessments were performed for each patient to determine peri-implant health status
Diabetes Mellitus Group; Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus	Other: Clinical and Radiographic Periodontal Assessment; Clinical parameters (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Probing Depth) and radiographic assessments were performed for each patient to determine peri-implant health status
Cardiovascular Disease Group; Patients with a history of cardiovascular diseases	Other: Clinical and Radiographic Periodontal Assessment; Clinical parameters (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Probing Depth) and radiographic assessments were performed for each patient to determine peri-implant health status
Osteoporosis Group; Patients diagnosed with osteoporosis	Other: Clinical and Radiographic Periodontal Assessment; Clinical parameters (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Probing Depth) and radiographic assessments were performed for each patient to determine peri-implant health status
Systemically Healthy Group; Individuals with no systemic diseases and no history of smoking	Other: Clinical and Radiographic Periodontal Assessment; Clinical parameters (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Probing Depth) and radiographic assessments were performed for each patient to determine peri-implant health status

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Prevalence of Peri-implant Diseases	Distribution of dental implants categorized into three status groups: healthy, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis based on clinical and radiographic criteria	Minimum 3 years post-loading veya At clinical assessment, at least 3 years after implant loading

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Gingival Index (GI)	Assessment of Gingival Index (GI) to evaluate the inflammatory status of peri-implant tissues.	At least 3 years after implant loading
Plaque Index (PI)	Assessment of Plaque Index (PI) to evaluate the plaque accumulation around peri-implant tissues.	At least 3 years after implant loading.
Probing Depth (PD)	Assessment of Probing Depth (PD) to evaluate the pocket depth around peri-implant tissues.	At least 3 years after implant loading.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Inonu University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): March 11, 2026
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 20, 2026
• Study Completion (Actual): March 23, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 23, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 8, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): April 15, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 15, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 8, 2026
• Last Verified: April 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; Smoking; Cardiovascular Disease; Osteoporosis; Peri-implant Health
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Endocrine System Diseases; Bone Diseases; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Periodontal Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Stomatognathic Diseases; Metabolic Diseases; Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Behavior; Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Osteoporosis; Diabetes Mellitus; Peri-Implantitis; Smoking
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2026/9630

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: The de-identified individual participant data (IPD) that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: Data will be available beginning 6 months and ending 36 months following publication
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: Requests for data should be directed to the corresponding author via email. To gain access, data requestors will need to provide a methodologically sound proposal
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL; SAP

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No