Immersive Virtual Reality Training for Phlebotomy Skills in Nursing Students

The Effect of Immersive VR Phlebotomy on Nursing Students Self-efficacy, Anxiety and Clinical Performance: Randomize Clinical Trial

This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effect of immersive virtual reality (VR) training on nursing students' learning outcomes in phlebotomy skills. The study compares immersive VR-based simulation with traditional task trainer-based simulation.

A total sample of undergraduate nursing students is randomly assigned to either the experimental group (VR training) or the control group (task trainer training). The intervention focuses on improving self-efficacy, reducing anxiety, and enhancing clinical performance in venipuncture skills.

Outcomes are measured at three time points: pre-test, immediate post-test, and follow-up. Self-efficacy, anxiety, and clinical performance are assessed using validated scales.

The study seeks to determine whether immersive VR provides a more effective and engaging learning experience compared to conventional simulation methods in nursing education.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Nursing Education; Phlebotomy; Immersive Virtual Reality; Part-Task Trainer Simulation
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Immersive Virtual Reality Training; Behavioral: Part-Task Trainer Simulation Training

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 60
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Palestinian Territories
  • Jerusalem
    • Abū Dīs, Jerusalem, Palestinian Territories, 5100
      • Al-Quds University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Second-year nursing students who enrolled in the Adult Health Nursing I course, had no prior clinical experience in venipuncture, and were willing to participate in the study. Additional inclusion criteria included the ability to attend training sessions using both immersive virtual reality (VR) and a part-task trainer simulation and commitment to completing all training and assessment sessions. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment.

Exclusion Criteria:

if they had previous advanced or extensive practical experience in venipuncture or had participated in external training programs related to the same skill. Additional exclusion criteria included the presence of physical or psychological conditions that could interfere with participation or performance during training, failure to attend scheduled training sessions, incomplete participation in the study procedures, or withdrawal of consent.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Immersive Virtual Reality Training Group	Behavioral: Immersive Virtual Reality Training; Immersive VR-based phlebotomy training simulation designed to improve self-efficacy, reduce anxiety, and enhance clinical performance.
Active Comparator: Part-Task Trainer Simulation Group	Behavioral: Part-Task Trainer Simulation Training; Traditional phlebotomy training using a part-task trainer arm simulation.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Self-efficacy	Measured using a validated self-efficacy scale for clinical skills.	Baseline, immediately post-intervention, and two-week follow-up
Clinical performance	Assessed using a structured checklist evaluating steps of the phlebotomy procedure.	Baseline, immediately post-intervention, and two-week follow-up

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Anxiety related to phlebotomy skill	State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) - State version (STAI-S)	Baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at the 2-week follow-up.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Al-Quds University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 15, 2026
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 10, 2026
• Study Completion (Actual): May 24, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 23, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 23, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): June 29, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 29, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 23, 2026
• Last Verified: June 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: RESC/2026-72

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No