Recent developments in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the assessment of local skeletal muscle microvascular function and capacity to utilise oxygen

Siana Jones, Scott T Chiesa, Nishi Chaturvedi, Alun D Hughes, Siana Jones, Scott T Chiesa, Nishi Chaturvedi, Alun D Hughes

Abstract

Purpose of review: Continuous wave near infrared spectroscopy (CW NIRS) provides non-invasive technology to measure relative changes in oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin in a dynamic environment. This allows determination of local skeletal muscle O2 saturation, muscle oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) and blood flow. This article provides a brief overview of the use of CW NIRS to measure exercise-limiting factors in skeletal muscle.

Recent findings: NIRS parameters that measure O2 delivery and capacity to utilise O2 in the muscle have been developed based on response to physiological interventions and exercise. NIRS has good reproducibility and agreement with gold standard techniques and can be used in clinical populations where muscle oxidative capacity or oxygen delivery (or both) are impaired. CW NIRS has limitations including: the unknown contribution of myoglobin to the overall signals, the impact of adipose tissue thickness, skin perfusion during exercise, and variations in skin pigmentation. These, in the main, can be circumvented through appropriate study design or measurement of absolute tissue saturation.

Summary: CW NIRS can assess skeletal muscle O2 delivery and utilisation without the use of expensive or invasive procedures and is useable in large population-based samples, including older adults.

Keywords: Exercise; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Skeletal muscle.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Example trace showing oxy (HbO2) and deoxy (HHb) haemoglobin signals measured in human lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle under resting supine conditions. The cyclical oscillation of signal seen in the HbO2 and to a lesser extent in HHB signal corresponds with the cardiac cycle. Arrows indicate the magnitude of change in oxy (0.4 μM) and deoxy (0.1 μM) associated with an individual cardiac cycle.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Example of an arterial (top panel) and a venous (bottom panel) occlusion for ∼30 s, vertical dashed lines show the onset of occlusion and release of cuff.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Example of cyclic changes in oxy haemoglobin (HbO2, red), deoxy haemoglobin (HHb, blue) and total haemoglobin (tHb, green) signals seen during rhythmic exercise (cross-training). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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