Adverse childhood experiences, psychosocial well-being and cognitive development among orphans and abandoned children in five low income countries

Maya Escueta, Kathryn Whetten, Jan Ostermann, Karen O'Donnell, Positive Outcomes for Orphans Research Team, Chris Bernard Otieno Agala, Frehiwot Alebachew, Sisay Woldeyohannes Ameya, Robin Briggs, Sopheak Chan, Haimanot Diro, Rama Devi Durgam, Belaynesh Engidawork, Amy Hobbie, Dafrosa Itemba, Venkata Gopala Krishna Kaza, Becky Kinoti, Rajeswara Rao Konjarla, Mao Lang, Dean Lewis, Ira Madan, Cyrilla Manya, Max Masnick, Sabina Mtwewe, Restituta Mvungi, Laura Kathleen Murphy-McMillan, Robert Mujera, Kokeb Badma Negatu, Imliyanger Pongen, Pelevinuo Rai, John Shao, Neville Selhore, Amani Sizya, Vanroth Vann, Augustine Wasonga, Maya Escueta, Kathryn Whetten, Jan Ostermann, Karen O'Donnell, Positive Outcomes for Orphans Research Team, Chris Bernard Otieno Agala, Frehiwot Alebachew, Sisay Woldeyohannes Ameya, Robin Briggs, Sopheak Chan, Haimanot Diro, Rama Devi Durgam, Belaynesh Engidawork, Amy Hobbie, Dafrosa Itemba, Venkata Gopala Krishna Kaza, Becky Kinoti, Rajeswara Rao Konjarla, Mao Lang, Dean Lewis, Ira Madan, Cyrilla Manya, Max Masnick, Sabina Mtwewe, Restituta Mvungi, Laura Kathleen Murphy-McMillan, Robert Mujera, Kokeb Badma Negatu, Imliyanger Pongen, Pelevinuo Rai, John Shao, Neville Selhore, Amani Sizya, Vanroth Vann, Augustine Wasonga

Abstract

Background: Development policymakers and child-care service providers are committed to improving the educational opportunities of the 153 million orphans worldwide. Nevertheless, the relationship between orphanhood and education outcomes is not well understood. Varying factors associated with differential educational attainment leave policymakers uncertain where to intervene. This study examines the relationship between psychosocial well-being and cognitive development in a cohort of orphans and abandoned children (OAC) relative to non-OAC in five low and middle income countries (LMICs) to understand better what factors are associated with success in learning for these children.

Methods: Positive Outcomes for Orphans (POFO) is a longitudinal study, following a cohort of single and double OAC in institutional and community-based settings in five LMICs in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa: Cambodia, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, and Tanzania. Employing two-stage random sampling survey methodology to identify representative samples of OAC in six sites, the POFO study aimed to better understand factors associated with child well-being. Using cross-sectional and child-level fixed effects regression analyses on 1,480 community based OAC and a comparison sample of non-OAC, this manuscript examines associations between emotional difficulties, cognitive development, and a variety of possible co-factors, including potentially traumatic events.

Results: The most salient finding is that increases in emotional difficulties are associated with lags in cognitive development for two separate measures of learning within and across multiple study sites. Exposure to potentially traumatic events, male gender, and lower socio-economic status are associated with more reported emotional difficulties in some sites. Being female and having an illiterate caregiver is associated with lower performance on cognitive development tests in some sites, while greater wealth is associated with higher performance. There is no significant association between orphan status per se and cognitive development, though the negative and significant association between higher emotional difficulties and lags in cognitive development hold across all orphan subgroups.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that interventions targeting psychosocial support for vulnerable children, especially vis a vis traumatic experiences, may ease strains inhibiting a child's learning. Family based interventions to stabilize socioeconomic conditions may help overcome psychosocial challenges that otherwise would present as barriers to the child's learning.

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