Galactomannan from Trigonella foenum- graecum L. seed: Prebiotic application and its fermentation by the probiotic Bacillus coagulans strain MTCC 5856

Muhammed Majeed, Shaheen Majeed, Kalyanam Nagabhushanam, Sivakumar Arumugam, Sankaran Natarajan, Kirankumar Beede, Furqan Ali, Muhammed Majeed, Shaheen Majeed, Kalyanam Nagabhushanam, Sivakumar Arumugam, Sankaran Natarajan, Kirankumar Beede, Furqan Ali

Abstract

Health benefits of dietary fibers are currently being widely recognized. However, the assessment of dietary fiber as a prebiotic is essential and also important for the development of an improved synbiotic commercial preparation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of galactomannan extracted from fenugreek seeds as a prebiotic fiber and also its fermentation by the probiotic strain Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856. Nondigestibility by the gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme hydrolysis of galactomannan were determined using an in vitro model mimicking the in vivo conditions. Further, anaerobic fermentation and utilization of galactomannan by the B. coagulans MTCC 5856 was investigated followed by selective inhibition of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. The galactomannan from fenugreek seeds was found to be nondigestible to gastric acid and also to pancreatic enzymatic hydrolysis. The galactomannan was fermented and utilized (71.4%) by the B. coagulans MTCC 5856, and also significant amount of short-chain fatty acids production was also observed. Furthermore, B. coagulans MTCC 5856 inhibited the E. coli ATCC 25922 growth when cocultured with galactomannan suggesting competitive fermentation of probiotic bacteria. Galactomannan exhibited prebiotic activity and also showed suitability with probiotic B. coagulans MTCC 5856 in a synbiotic combination. This study provides the first scientific evidence of galactomannan from fenugreek seeds as a prebiotic that may play an important role in modulating gut flora by acting as substrate to beneficial microbes.

Keywords: Bacillus coagulans; fenugreek seeds; fermentation; galactomannan; synbiotic.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of gastric acid hydrolysis on the galactomannan from fenugreek seeds. Potato starch and FOS showed significant increase in the reducing sugars after 180 min of gastric acid treatment compared to initial content (p < .05). Each value is the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < .05; (Student's t test)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of enzymatic digestibility on the galactomannan from fenugreek seeds. Potato starch used as control in the experiment showed significant increase in the reducing sugars after 180 min of gastric acid treatment compared to initial content (p < .05). Each value is the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < .05; (Student's t test)
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of the galactomannan from fenugreek seeds as sole nutritional source on the viable count of Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856. Different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%, w/v) of the galactomannan from fenugreek seeds were studied. Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856 showed significantly higher viable count in fenugreek seed fibers compared to FOS (p < .05). Values are average mean of triplicate performed at two different occasions and represented in log10 cfu/ml. *p < .05; (Student's t test)
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of the galactomannan from fenugreek seeds along with other nutrients on the viable count of Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856. MRSD is the MRS media devoid of dextrose. Different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%, w/v) of the galactomannan from fenugreek seeds were studied. B. coagulansMTCC 5856 showed significantly higher viable count in fenugreek seed fibers and FOS compared MRS media (p < .05). Values are average mean of triplicate performed at two different occasions and represented in log10 cfu/ml
Figure 5
Figure 5
Utilization of galactomannan and total carbohydrate from fenugreek seeds after the anaerobic fermentation by Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856. Each value is the mean ± SD (n = 3)
Figure 6
Figure 6
Acetic (a), propionic (b), and butyric acid (c) production from the galactomannan from fenugreek seeds alone and along with MRSD (MRS media devoid of dextrose), MRS, and MRS media devoid of dextrose after 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h in vitro batch culture fermentation with Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856. Production of acetic acid (6A), propionic acid (6B), and butyric acid (6C) by the B. coagulansMTCC 5856 was significantly higher in fenugreek seed fibers compared to MRSD media devoid of dextrose (p < .05) after 24 h of incubation. Values are average mean of triplicate performed at two different occasions and represented in mg/g
Figure 7
Figure 7
The effect of Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856 on the viability of Escherichia coliATCC 25922 from galactomannan from fenugreek seeds alone and along with MRSD (MRS media devoid of dextrose), MRS, and MRS media devoid of dextrose. Values are average mean of triplicate performed at two different occasions and represented in log10 cfu/ml

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