Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving sexual and reproductive health

Melissa J Palmer, Nicholas Henschke, Gemma Villanueva, Nicola Maayan, Hanna Bergman, Claire Glenton, Simon Lewin, Marita S Fønhus, Tigest Tamrat, Garrett L Mehl, Caroline Free, Melissa J Palmer, Nicholas Henschke, Gemma Villanueva, Nicola Maayan, Hanna Bergman, Claire Glenton, Simon Lewin, Marita S Fønhus, Tigest Tamrat, Garrett L Mehl, Caroline Free

Abstract

Background: The burden of poor sexual and reproductive health (SRH) worldwide is substantial, disproportionately affecting those living in low- and middle-income countries. Targeted client communication (TCC) delivered via mobile devices (MD) (TCCMD) may improve the health behaviours and service use important for sexual and reproductive health.

Objectives: To assess the effects of TCC via MD on adolescents' knowledge, and on adolescents' and adults' sexual and reproductive health behaviour, health service use, and health and well-being.

Search methods: In July/August 2017, we searched five databases including The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE and Embase. We also searched two trial registries. A search update was carried out in July 2019 and potentially relevant studies are awaiting classification.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials of TCC via MD to improve sexual and reproductive health behaviour, health service use, and health and well-being. Eligible comparators were standard care or no intervention, non-digital TCC, and digital non-targeted communication.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures recommended by Cochrane, although data extraction and risk of bias assessments were carried out by one person only and cross-checked by a second. We have presented results separately for adult and adolescent populations, and for each comparison.

Main results: We included 40 trials (27 among adult populations and 13 among adolescent populations) with a total of 26,854 participants. All but one of the trials among adolescent populations were conducted in high-income countries. Trials among adult populations were conducted in a range of high- to low-income countries. Among adolescents, nine interventions were delivered solely through text messages; four interventions tested text messages in combination with another communication channel, such as emails, multimedia messaging, or voice calls; and one intervention used voice calls alone. Among adults, 20 interventions were delivered through text messages; two through a combination of text messages and voice calls; and the rest were delivered through other channels such as voice calls, multimedia messaging, interactive voice response, and instant messaging services. Adolescent populations TCCMD versus standard care TCCMD may increase sexual health knowledge (risk ratio (RR) 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23 to 1.71; low-certainty evidence). TCCMD may modestly increase contraception use (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.35; low-certainty evidence). The effects on condom use, antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, and health service use are uncertain due to very low-certainty evidence. The effects on abortion and STI rates are unknown due to lack of studies. TCCMD versus non-digital TCC (e.g. pamphlets) The effects of TCCMD on behaviour (contraception use, condom use, ART adherence), service use, health and wellbeing (abortion and STI rates) are unknown due to lack of studies for this comparison. TCCMD versus digital non-targeted communication The effects on sexual health knowledge, condom and contraceptive use are uncertain due to very low-certainty evidence. Interventions may increase health service use (attendance for STI/HIV testing, RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.40; low-certainty evidence). The intervention may be beneficial for reducing STI rates (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.33; low-certainty evidence), but the confidence interval encompasses both benefit and harm. The effects on abortion rates and on ART adherence are unknown due to lack of studies. We are uncertain whether TCCMD results in unintended consequences due to lack of evidence. Adult populations TCCMD versus standard care For health behaviours, TCCMD may modestly increase contraception use at 12 months (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.48) and may reduce repeat abortion (RR 0.68 95% CI 0.28 to 1.66), though the confidence interval encompasses benefit and harm (low-certainty evidence). The effect on condom use is uncertain. No study measured the impact of this intervention on STI rates. TCCMD may modestly increase ART adherence (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.32, low-certainty evidence, and standardised mean difference 0.44, 95% CI -0.14 to 1.02, low-certainty evidence). TCCMD may modestly increase health service utilisation (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.31; low-certainty evidence), but there was substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 85%), with mixed results according to type of service utilisation (i.e. attendance for STI testing; HIV treatment; voluntary male medical circumcision (VMMC); VMMC post-operative visit; post-abortion care). For health and well-being outcomes, there may be little or no effect on CD4 count (mean difference 13.99, 95% CI -8.65 to 36.63; low-certainty evidence) and a slight reduction in virological failure (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.01; low-certainty evidence). TCCMD versus non-digital TCC No studies reported STI rates, condom use, ART adherence, abortion rates, or contraceptive use as outcomes for this comparison. TCCMD may modestly increase in service attendance overall (RR: 1.12, 95% CI 0.92-1.35, low certainty evidence), however the confidence interval encompasses benefit and harm. TCCMD versus digital non-targeted communication No studies reported STI rates, condom use, ART adherence, abortion rates, or contraceptive use as outcomes for this comparison. TCCMD may increase service utilisation overall (RR: 1.71, 95% CI 0.67-4.38, low certainty evidence), however the confidence interval encompasses benefit and harm and there was considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 72%), with mixed results according to type of service utilisation (STI/HIV testing, and VMMC). Few studies reported on unintended consequences. One study reported that a participant withdrew from the intervention as they felt it compromised their undisclosed HIV status.

Authors' conclusions: TCCMD may improve some outcomes but the evidence is of low certainty. The effect on most outcomes is uncertain/unknown due to very low certainty evidence or lack of evidence. High quality, adequately powered trials and cost effectiveness analyses are required to reliably ascertain the effects and relative benefits of TCC delivered by mobile devices. Given the sensitivity and stigma associated with sexual and reproductive health future studies should measure unintended consequences, such as partner violence or breaches of confidentiality.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03117842 NCT02093884 NCT02680613 NCT03122275 NCT03482388 NCT03224390 NCT02872363 NCT03662165 NCT02417233 NCT02905513 NCT02905461 NCT02376023 NCT01761643 NCT01317277 NCT02756949 NCT02579785 NCT03118219 NCT01630304 NCT03478397 NCT02509702 NCT02627365 NCT03082482 NCT03119337 NCT03205982 NCT03253783 NCT03259698 NCT03367130 NCT03394391 NCT03738410 NCT03760211 NCT03928717 NCT02319330.

Conflict of interest statement

MP: was contracted by the WHO to produce this review

NH: is employed by Cochrane Response, an evidence services unit operated by the Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Response was contracted by the WHO to produce this review.

GV: is employed by Cochrane Response, an evidence services unit operated by the Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Response was contracted by the WHO to produce this review.

HB: is employed by Cochrane Response, an evidence services unit operated by the Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Response was contracted by the WHO to produce this review.

NM: was employed by Cochrane Response, an evidence services unit operated by the Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Response was contracted by the WHO to produce this review.

CG: none known.

SL: is the Joint Co‐ordinating Editor for the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Review Group

TT: none known.

MF: none known.

GM: owns stock in Apple Computer.

CF: was contracted by the WHO to produce this review. CF is a co‐author on one of the studies included in these review. CF not be involved in assessing the study for inclusion, or extracting or analysing data from that study.

Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram (SRH: sexual and reproductive health; MNCH: maternal, neonatal, and child health)
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1. Analysis
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 1: Sexual health knowledge (12 months)
1.2. Analysis
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 2: Health behaviour
1.3. Analysis
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 3: Health behaviour (continuous)
1.4. Analysis
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 4: Health service utilization
1.5. Analysis
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 5: Health service utlization
1.6. Analysis
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 6: Health and well‐being
1.7. Analysis
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 7: Health and wellbeing
2.1. Analysis
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to digital, non‐targeted communication, Outcome 1: Sexual health knowledge (6 months)
2.2. Analysis
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to digital, non‐targeted communication, Outcome 2: Sexual health knowledge score (15 months)
2.3. Analysis
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to digital, non‐targeted communication, Outcome 3: Health behaviour
2.4. Analysis
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to digital, non‐targeted communication, Outcome 4: Health behaviour
2.5. Analysis
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to digital, non‐targeted communication, Outcome 5: Health behaviour
2.6. Analysis
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to digital, non‐targeted communication, Outcome 6: Health service utilization
2.7. Analysis
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to digital, non‐targeted communication, Outcome 7: Health and well‐being
2.8. Analysis
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adolescents compared to digital, non‐targeted communication, Outcome 8: Health and well‐being
3.1. Analysis
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adults compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 1: Health behaviour
3.2. Analysis
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adults compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 2: Health behaviour
3.3. Analysis
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adults compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 3: Adherence to anti‐retroviral medication (continuous)
3.4. Analysis
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adults compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 4: Health service utilization
3.5. Analysis
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adults compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 5: Health and well‐being
3.6. Analysis
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adults compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 6: Health and wellbeing ‐ CD4 count (cells per mm3) (3 to 6 months)
3.7. Analysis
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adults compared to standard care or no intervention, Outcome 7: Health and well‐being among people living with HIV/AIDS (measured by SF12 or WHO QoL physical well‐being subscale, assessed by SF12) (3 to 6 months)
4.1. Analysis
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adults compared to non‐digital, targeted communication, Outcome 1: Health service utilization
5.1. Analysis
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Targeted client communication via mobile devices for adults compared to digital, non‐targeted communication, Outcome 1: Health service utilization

References

References to studies included in this review Abdul Rashid 2013 {published data only}

    1. Abdul Rashid RM, Mohamed M, Hamid ZA, Dahlui M. Is the phone call the most effective method for recall in cervical cancer screening?--results from a randomised control trial. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013;14(10):5901-4.
    1. Rashid RM, Ramli S, John J, Dahlui M. Cost effective analysis of recall methods for cervical cancer screening in Selangor--results from a prospective randomized controlled trial. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014;15(13):5143-7.
    1. Rashid RMA, Dahlui M. Cost effective analysis of different types of recall on patients' response rate in a pap smear screening program. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine 2013;16:73.
Barnabas 2016 {published data only}
    1. Barnabas RV, Rooyen H, Tumwesigye E, Brantley J, Baeten JM, Heerden A, et al. Uptake of antiretroviral therapy and male circumcision after community-based HIV testing and strategies for linkage to care versus standard clinic referral: a multisite, open-label, randomised controlled trial in South Africa and Uganda. Lancet HIV 2016;3(5):e212-20.
Belzer 2015 {published data only}
    1. Belzer ME, Kolmodin M, Clark LF, Huang J, Olson J, Kahana SY, et al. Acceptability and Feasibility of a Cell Phone Support Intervention for Youth Living with HIV with Nonadherence to Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 2015;29(6):338-45.
    1. Belzer ME, Naar-King S, Olson J, Sarr M, Thornton S, Kahana SY, et al. The use of cell phone support for non-adherent HIV-infected youth and young adults: an initial randomized and controlled intervention trial. AIDS and Behavior 2014;18(4):686-96.
Bull 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bull S, Devine S, Schmiege SJ, Pickard L, Campbell J, Shlay JC, et al. Text messaging, teen outreach program, and sexual health behavior: a cluster randomized trial. American Journal of Public Health 2016;106(S1):S117-S124.
Castano 2012 {published data only}
    1. Castano PM, Bynum JY, Andres R, Lara M, Westhoff C. Effect of daily text messages on oral contraceptive continuation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;119(1):14-20.
    1. Hall K, Castano P, Westhoff C. Oral contraceptive knowledge modestly associated with oral contraceptive continuation among young, urban women. Contraception 2011;84(3):320-1.
    1. Hall KS, Castano PM, Westhoff CL. The influence of oral contraceptive knowledge on oral contraceptive continuation among young women. Journal of Women's Health 2014;23(7):596-601.
    1. Hall KS, Westhoff CL, Castano PM. The impact of an educational text message intervention on young urban women's knowledge of oral contraception. Contraception 2013;87(4):449-54.
Constant 2014 {published data only}
    1. Constant D, Tolly K, Harries J, Myer L. Mobile phone messages to provide support to women during the home phase of medical abortion in South Africa: a randomised controlled trial. Contraception 2014;90(3):226-33.
    1. Tolly K, Constant D. Integrating mobile phones into medical abortion provision: intervention development, use, and lessons learned from a randomized controlled trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2014;2(1):e5.
Cook 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cook PF, Carrington JM, Schmiege SJ, Starr W, Reeder B. A counselor in your pocket: feasibility of mobile health tailored messages to support HIV medication adherence. Patient Preference and Adherence 2015;9:1353-66.
da Costa 2012 {published data only}
    1. da Costa TM, Barbosa BJ, Gomes e Costa DA, Sigulem D, Fátima Marin H, Filho AC, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of a mobile SMS-based intervention on treatment adherence in HIV/AIDS-infected Brazilian women and impressions and satisfaction with respect to incoming messages. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2012;81(4):257-69.
Delamere 2006 {published data only}
    1. Delamere S, Dooley S, Harrington L, King A, Mulcahy F. Safer sex text messages: Evaluating a health education intervention in an adolescent population. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2006;82:A27.
de Tolly 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tolly K, Skinner D, Nembaware V, Benjamin P. Investigation into the use of short message services to expand uptake of human immunodeficiency virus testing, and whether content and dosage have impact. Telemedicine Journal and e-Health 2012;18(1):18-23.
Downing 2013 {published data only}
    1. Downing SG, Cashman C, McNamee H, Penney D, Russell DB, Hellard ME. Increasing chlamydia test of re-infection rates using SMS reminders and incentives. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2013;89(1):16-9.
Garofalo 2016 {published data only}
    1. Garofalo R, Kuhns LM, Hotton A, Johnson A, Muldoon A, Rice D. A randomized controlled trial of personalized text message reminders to promote medication adherence among HIV-positive adolescents and young adults. AIDS and Behavior 2016;20(5):1049-59.
Gerdts 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gerdts C, Moseson H, Mora M, DePineres T. Alternative follow-up options for medical abortion in Colombia: A pilot randomized controlled trial testing the feasibility of text-messages. Contraception 2015;92(4):373.
Gold 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gold J, Aitken CK, Dixon HG, Lim MS, Gouillou M, Spelman T, et al. A randomised controlled trial using mobile advertising to promote safer sex and sun safety to young people. Health Education Research 2011;26(5):782-94.
Hou 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hou MY, Hurwitz S, Kavanagh E, Fortin J, Goldberg AB. Using daily text-message reminders to improve adherence with oral contraceptives: A randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010;116(3):633-40.
Huang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Huang D, Sangthong R, McNeil E, Chongsuvivatwong V, Zheng W, Yang X. Effects of a phone call intervention to promote adherence to antiretroviral therapy and quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients in Baoshan, China: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS Research and Treatment 2013;2013:580974.
Ingersoll 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ingersoll KS, Dillingham RA, Hettema JE, Conaway M, Freeman J, Reynolds G, et al. Pilot RCT of bidirectional text messaging for ART adherence among nonurban substance users with HIV. Health Psychology 2015;34S:1305-15.
Jeffries 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jeffries C, Ross P, Matoff-Stepp S, Thompson R, Harris JL, Uhrig JD, et al. Ucare4life: mobile texting to improve HIV care continuum outcomes for minority youth. In: Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 22-25, 2016, Boston, Massachussetts, United States. Vol. 24. 2016:427.
Joseph Davey 2016 {published data only}
    1. Joseph Davey D, Nhavoto JA, Augusto O, Ponce W, Traca D, Nguimfack A, et al. SMSaude: Evaluating Mobile Phone Text Reminders to Improve Retention in HIV Care for Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Mozambique. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2016;73(2):e23-30.
Lee 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lee HY, Le C, Ghebre R, Yee D. Mobile phone multimedia messaging intervention for breast cancer screening. Cancer Research 2016;76(4):Abstract P3-08-03.
Leiby 2016 {published data only}
    1. Leiby K, Connor A, Tsague L, Sapele C, Kaonga A, Kakaire J, et al. The Impact of SMS-Based Interventions on VMMC Uptake in Lusaka Province, Zambia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2016;72(Suppl 4):S264-72.
Lester 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chi BH, Stringer JS. Mobile phones to improve HIV treatment adherence. Lancet 2010;376(9755):1807-8.
    1. Lester RT, Ritvo P, Mills EJ, Kariri A, Karanja S, Chung MH, et al. Effects of a mobile phone short message service on antiretroviral treatment adherence in Kenya (WelTel Kenya1): a randomised trial. Lancet 2010;376(9755):1838-45.
    1. Memetovic J, Kop ML, Karanja S, Kimani J, Ngugi EN, Ritvo P, et al. Perceived stigma and disclosure of HIV status: Their association with clinical and communication outcomes in the WelTel Kenya1 SMS randomized controlled trial. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2013;24:107a.
Lim 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lim MS, Hocking JS, Aitken CK, Fairley CK, Jordan L, Lewis JA, et al. Impact of text and email messaging on the sexual health of young people: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2012;66(1):69-74.
Mbuagbaw 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mbuagbaw L, Thabane L, Ongolo-Zogo P, Lester RT, Mills EJ, Smieja M, et al. The Cameroon Mobile Phone SMS (CAMPS) trial: a randomized trial of text messaging versus usual care for adherence to antiretroviral therapy. PLOS One 2012;7(12):e46909.
McCarthy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Free C, McCarthy O, French RS, Wellings K, Michie S, Roberts I. Can text messages increase safer sex behaviours in young people? Intervention development and pilot randomised controlled trial. Health Technology Assessment 2016;20(57):1-82.
    1. McCarthy OL, French RS, Baraitser P, Roberts I, Rathod SD, Devries K, et al. Safetxt: a pilot randomised controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone to increase safer sex behaviours in young people. BMJ Open 2016;6(12):e013045.
Mugo 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mugo PM, Wahome EW, Gichuru E, Mwashigadi G, Thiong'o AN, Prins HA, et al. Effect of SMS, phone-call, and in-person reminders on repeat HIV test uptake in Kenya. In: Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 22-25, 2016, Boston, Massachussetts, United States. Vol. 24. 2016:420.
    1. Mugo PM, Wahome EW, Gichuru EN, Mwashigadi GM, Thiong'o AN, Prins HA, et al. Effect of text message, phone call, and in-person appointment reminders on uptake of repeat HIV testing among outpatients screened for acute HIV infection in Kenya: a randomized controlled trial. PLOS One 2016;11(4):e0153612.
Norton 2014 {published data only}
    1. Norton BL, Person AK, Castillo C, Pastrana C, Subramanian M, Stout JE. Barriers to using text message appointment reminders in an HIV clinic. Telemedicine Journal and e-Health 2014;20(1):86-9.
Nsagha 2016 {published data only}
    1. Nsagha DS, Lange I, Fon PN, Nguedia A, J C, Tanue EA. A randomized controlled trial on the usefulness of mobile text phone messages to improve the quality of care of HIV and AIDS patients in Cameroon. The Open AIDS Journal 2016;10:93-103.
Odeny 2012 {published data only}
    1. Odeny TA, Bailey RC, Bukusi EA, Simoni JM, Tapia KA, Yuhas K, et al. Effect of text messaging to deter early resumption of sexual activity after male circumcision for HIV prevention: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2014;65(2):e50-7.
    1. Odeny TA, Bailey RC, Bukusi EA, Simoni JM, Tapia KA, Yuhas K, et al. Text messaging to improve attendance at post-operative clinic visits after adult male circumcision for HIV prevention: a randomized controlled trial. PLOS One 2012;7(9):e43832.
Pop‐Eleches 2011 {published data only}
    1. Pop-Eleches C, Thirumurthy H, Habyarimana JP, Zivin JG, Goldstein MP, Walque D, et al. Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting: a randomized controlled trial of text message reminders. AIDS 2011;25(6):825-34.
Reed 2014 {published data only}
    1. Reed JL, Huppert JS, Taylor RG, Gillespie GL, Byczkowski TL, Kahn JA, et al. Improving sexually transmitted infection results notification via mobile phone technology. Journal of Adolescent Health 2014;55(5):690-7.
Rokicki 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rokicki S, Cohen J, Salomon JA, Fink G. Impact of a text-messaging program on adolescent reproductive health: a cluster-randomized trial in Ghana. American Journal of Public Health 2017;107(2):298-305.
Ruan 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ruan Y, Xiao X, Chen J, Li X, Williams AB, Wang H. Acceptability and efficacy of interactive short message service intervention in improving HIV medication adherence in Chinese antiretroviral treatment-naive individuals. Patient Preference and Adherence 2017;11:221-8.
Russell 2012 {published data only}
    1. Russell SL. Effectiveness of text message reminders for improving vaccination appointment attendance and series completion among adolescents and adults. Value in Health 2012;15(4):A248.
Rutland 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rutland E, Roe H, Weaver A. Health promotional messages in short message service (SMS) follow-up of GU medicine clinic defaulters; A tool to improve subsequent attendance rates? Sexually Transmitted Infections 2012;88(Suppl 1):A4.
Shet 2014 {published data only}
    1. De Costa A, Shet A, Kumarasamy N, Ashorn P, Eriksson B, Bogg L, et al. Design of a randomized trial to evaluate the influence of mobile phone reminders on adherence to first line antiretroviral treatment in South India--the HIVIND study protocol. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2010;10:25.
    1. Editor's note. Erratum: Effect of mobile telephone reminders on treatment outcome in HIV: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in India. British Medical Journal 2014;349(g5978):no pagination.
    1. Rodrigues R, Poongulali S, Balaji K, Atkins S, Ashorn P, De Costa A. 'The phone reminder is important, but will others get to know about my illness?' Patient perceptions of an mHealth antiretroviral treatment support intervention in the HIVIND trial in South India. BMJ Open 2015;5(11):e007574.
    1. Shet A, De Costa A, Kumarasamy N, Rodrigues R, Rewari BB, Ashorn P, et al. Effect of mobile telephone reminders on treatment outcome in HIV: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in India. British Medical Journal 2014;349:g5978.
Smith 2015 {published data only}
    1. Smith C, Ngo TD, Gold J, Edwards P, Vannak U, Sokhey L, et al. Effect of a mobile phone-based intervention on post-abortion contraception: a randomized controlled trial in Cambodia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2015;93(12):842-50A.
Suffoletto 2013 {published data only}
    1. Suffoletto B, Akers A, McGinnis KA, Calabria J, Wiesenfeld HC, Clark DB. A sex risk reduction text-message program for young adult females discharged from the emergency department. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;53(3):387-93.
Ybarra 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ybarra ML, Prescott TL, Phillips GL 2nd, Bull SS, Parsons JT, Mustanski B. Pilot RCT results of an mHealth HIV prevention program for sexual minority male adolescents. Pediatrics 2017;140(1):pii: e20162999.
Young 2015 {published data only}
    1. Young SD, Cumberland WG, Nianogo R, Menacho LA, Galea JT, Coates T. The HOPE social media intervention for global HIV prevention in Peru: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV 2015;2(1):e27-32.
References to studies excluded from this review Atukunda 2017 {published data only}
    1. Atukunda EC, Musiimenta A, Musinguzi N, Wyatt MA, Ashaba J, Ware NC, et al. Understanding patterns of social support and their relationship to an ART adherence intervention among adults in rural Southwestern Uganda. AIDS and Behavior 2017;21(2):428-40.
Bracken 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bracken H, Lohr PA, Taylor J, Morroni C, Winikoff B. RU OK? The acceptability and feasibility of remote technologies for follow-up after early medical abortion. Contraception 2014;90(1):29-35.
Broberg 2013 {published data only}
    1. Broberg G, Jonasson JM, Ellis J, Gyrd-Hansen D, Anjemark B, Glantz A, et al. Increasing participation in cervical cancer screening: Telephone contact with long‐term non‐attendees in Sweden. Results from RACOMIP, a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Cancer 2013;133(1):164-71.
Carlsen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Carlsen EM, Kyhnaeb A, Renault KM, Cortes D, Michaelsen KF, Pryds O. Telephone-based support prolongs breastfeeding duration in obese women: a randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;98(5):1226-32.
Collier 2005 {published data only}
    1. Collier AC, Ribaudo H, Mukherjee AL, Feinberg J, Fischl MA, Chesney M, et al. A randomized study of serial telephone call support to increase adherence and thereby improve virologic outcome in persons initiating antiretroviral therapy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005;192(8):1398-406.
Gallegos 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gallegos D, Russell-Bennett R, Previte J, Parkinson J. Can a text message a week improve breastfeeding? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):374.
Haberer 2016 {published data only}
    1. Haberer JE, Musiimenta A, Atukunda EC, Musinguzi N, Wyatt MA, Ware NC, et al. Short message service (SMS) reminders and real-time adherence monitoring improve antiretroviral therapy adherence in rural Uganda. AIDS 2016;30(8):1295-300.
Hashemian 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hashemian TS, Kritz-Silverstein D, Baker R. Text2 Floss: the feasibility and acceptability of a text messaging intervention to improve oral health behavior and knowledge. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 2015;75(1):34-41.
Herring 2016 {published data only}
    1. Herring SJ, Cruice JF, Bennett GG, Rose MZ, Davey A, Foster GD. Preventing excessive gestational weight gain among African American women: a randomized clinical trial. Obesity 2016;24(1):30-6.
Hofstetter 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hofstetter AM, Vargas CY, Camargo S, Holleran S, Vawdrey DK, Kharbanda EO, et al. Impacting delayed pediatric influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled trial of text message reminders. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015;48(4):392-401.
Irons 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irons M, Tomaszewski K, Buchanan CRM, Trent M. Understanding adolescent nonresponsiveness to text messages: lessons from the Depotext trial. Journal of Urban Health 2015;92(3):502-12.
Kofinas 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kofinas JD, Varrey A, Sapra KJ, Kanj RV, Chervenak FA, Asfaw T. Adjunctive social media for more effective contraceptive counseling: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;123(4):763-70.
Lau 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lau JTF, Tsui HY, Lau MMC. A pilot clustered randomized control trial evaluating the efficacy of a network-based HIV peer-education intervention targeting men who have sex with men in Hong Kong, China. AIDS Care 2013;25(7):812-9.
Lau 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lau YK, Cassidy T, Hacking D, Brittain K, Haricharan HJ, Heap M. Antenatal health promotion via short message service at a Midwife Obstetrics Unit in South Africa: a mixed methods study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):284.
Lewis 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lewis BA, Gjerdingen DK, Avery MD, Guo H, Sirard JR, Bonikowske AR, et al. Examination of a telephone-based exercise intervention for the prevention of postpartum depression: design, methodology, and baseline data from The Healthy Mom study. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33(6):1150-8.
Maduka 2013 {published data only}
    1. Maduka O, Tobin-West CI. Adherence counseling and reminder text messages improve uptake of antiretroviral therapy in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2013;16(3):302-8.
Mauriello 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mauriello LM, Van Marter DF, Umanzor CD, Castle PH, Aguiar EL. Using mHealth to deliver behavior change interventions within prenatal care at community health centers. American Journal of Health Promotion 2016;30(7):554-62.
Milani 2015 {published data only}
    1. Milani HS, Azargashb E, Beyraghi N, Defaie S, Asbaghi T. Effect of telephone-based support on postpartum depression: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility 2015;9(2):247.
Moore 2013 {published data only}
    1. Moore DJ, Montoya JL, Blackstone K, Rooney A, Gouaux B, Georges S, et al. Preliminary evidence for feasibility, use, and acceptability of individualized texting for adherence building for antiretroviral adherence and substance use assessment among HIV-infected methamphetamine users. AIDS Research and Treatment 2013;2013:585143.
Moore 2015 {published data only}
    1. Moore DJ, Poquette A, Casaletto KB, Gouaux B, Montoya JL, Posada C, et al. Individualized texting for adherence building (iTAB): improving antiretroviral dose timing among HIV-infected persons with co-occurring bipolar disorder. AIDS and Behavior 2015;19(3):459-71.
Mwapasa 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mwapasa V, Joseph J, Tchereni T, Jousset A, Gunda A. Impact of mother–infant pair clinics and short-text messaging service (SMS) reminders on retention of HIV-infected women and HIV-exposed infants in eMTCT care in Malawi: a cluster randomized trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2017;75:S123-31.
Oakley‐Girvan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Oakley-Girvan I, Londono C, Canchola A, Watkins Davis S. Text messaging may improve abnormal mammogram follow-up in Latinas. Oncology Nursing Forum 2016;43(1):36-43.
Patel 2014 {published data only}
    1. Patel A, Stern L, Unger Z, Debevec E, Roston A, Hanover R, et al. Staying on track: a cluster randomized controlled trial of automated reminders aimed at increasing human papillomavirus vaccine completion. Vaccine 2014;32(21):2428-33.
Peitzmeier 2016 {published data only}
    1. Peitzmeier SM, Khullar K, Potter J. Effectiveness of four outreach modalities to patients overdue for cervical cancer screening in the primary care setting: a randomized trial. Cancer Causes and Control 2016;27(9):1081-91.
Pérez‐Ferre 2010 {published data only}
    1. Pérez-Ferre N, Galindo M, Fernández MD, Velasco V, Runkle I, la Cruz MJ, et al. The outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus after a telecare approach are not inferior to traditional outpatient clinic visits. International Journal of Endocrinology 2010;2010:386941.
Pollak 2014 {published data only}
    1. Pollak KI, Alexander SC, Bennett G, Lyna P, Coffman CJ, Bilheimer A, et al. Weight-related SMS texts promoting appropriate pregnancy weight gain: a pilot study. Patient Education and Counseling 2014;97(2):256-60.
Prieto 2016 {published data only}
    1. Prieto JT, Zuleta C, Rodríguez JT. Modeling and testing maternal and newborn care mHealth interventions: a pilot impact evaluation and follow-up qualitative study in Guatemala. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2016;24(2):352-60.
Rampersaud 2016 {published data only}
    1. Rampersaud GC, Sokolow A, Gruspe A, Colee JC, Kauwell GPA. Folate/folic acid knowledge, intake, and self-efficacy of college-aged women: impact of text messaging and availability of a folic acid–containing supplement. Journal of American College Health 2016;64(6):460-8.
Rand 2015 {published data only}
    1. Rand CM, Brill H, Albertin C, Humiston SG, Schaffer S, Shone LP, et al. Effectiveness of centralized text message reminders on human papillomavirus immunization coverage for publicly insured adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 2015;56(5):S17-20.
Rand 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rand CM, Vincelli P, Goldstein NPN, Blumkin A, Szilagyi PG. Effects of phone and text message reminders on completion of the human papillomavirus vaccine series. Journal of Adolescent Health 2017;60(1):113-9.
Reeder 2014 {published data only}
    1. Reeder JA, Joyce T, Sibley K, Arnold D, Altindag O. Telephone peer counseling of breastfeeding among WIC participants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2014;134(3):e700.
Reid 2014 {published data only}
    1. Reid MJ, Dhar SI, Cary M, Liang P, Thompson J, Gabaitiri L, et al. Opinions and attitudes of participants in a randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of SMS reminders to enhance antiretroviral adherence: a cross-sectional survey. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) 2014;65(2):e86-8.
Richman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Richman AR, Maddy L, Torres E, Goldberg EJ. A randomized intervention study to evaluate whether electronic messaging can increase human papillomavirus vaccine completion and knowledge among college students. Journal of American College Health 2016;64(4):269-78.
Robbins 2013 {published data only}
    1. Robbins GK, Testa MA, Su M, Safren SA, Morse G, Lammert S, et al. Site nurse–initiated adherence and symptom support telephone calls for HIV-positive individuals starting antiretroviral therapy, ACTG 5031: Substudy of ACTG 384. HIV Clinical Trials 2013;14(5):235-53.
Sridhar 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sridhar A, Chen A, Glik D. Plan a birth control: randomized controlled trial of a mobile health application. Contraception 2013;88(3):463.
Sridhar 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sridhar A, Chen AY. Mobile health application for long-acting reversible contraceptive information: A secondary analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;123:111S.
Stern 2013 {published data only}
    1. Stern L, Unger Z, Debevec E, Ginde S, Morfesis J, Patel A. Staying on track: A cluster randomized controlled trial of automated reminders for HPV vaccine series completion. Contraception 2013;88(3):438-9.
Stockwell 2012 {published data only}
    1. Stockwell MS, Kharbanda EO, Martinez RA, Vargas CY, Vawdrey DK, Camargo S. Effect of a text messaging intervention on influenza vaccination in an urban, low-income pediatric and adolescent population: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2012;307(16):1702-8.
Szilagyi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Szilagyi PG, Albertin C, Humiston SG, Rand CM, Schaffer S, Brill H, et al. A randomized trial of the effect of centralized reminder/recall on immunizations and preventive care visits for adolescents. Academic Pediatrics 2013;13(3):204-13.
Takeuchi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Takeuchi S, Horiuchi S. Randomised controlled trial using smartphone website vs leaflet to support antenatal perineal massage practice for pregnant women. Women and Birth 2016;29(5):430-5.
Tarrant 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tarrant AM, Fong DYT, Heys M, Lee ILY, Sham A, Hui Choi WH. Professional breastfeeding support to increase the exclusivity and duration of breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2014;20:34.
Trent 2013 {published data only}
    1. Trent M, Tomaszewski K. 140. Family planning appointment attendance among urban youth: results from the depotext trial. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;52(2):S88.
Trent 2015 {published data only}
    1. Trent M, Thompson C, Tomaszewski K. Text messaging support for urban adolescents and young adults using injectable contraception: outcomes of the DepoText pilot trial. Journal of Adolescent Health 2015;57(1):100-6.
Van Ryswyk 2015 {published data only}
    1. Van Ryswyk EM, Middleton PF, Hague WM, Crowther CA. Postpartum SMS reminders to women who have experienced gestational diabetes to test for type 2 diabetes: the DIAMIND randomized trial. Diabetic Medicine 2015;32(10):1368-76.
Wright 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wright A, Poon EG, Wald J, Feblowitz J, Pang JE, Schnipper JL, et al. Randomized controlled trial of health maintenance reminders provided directly to patients through an electronic PHR. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2012;27(1):85-92.
Young 2013 {published data only}
    1. Young SD, Cumberland WG, Lee SJ, Jaganath D, Szekeres G, Coates T. Social networking technologies as an emerging tool for HIV prevention: a cluster randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;159(5):318-24.
Young 2014 {published data only}
    1. Young SD, Holloway I, Jaganath D, Rice E, Westmoreland D, Coates T. Project HOPE: online social network changes in an HIV prevention randomized controlled trial for African American and Latino men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health 2014;104(9):1707-12.
References to studies awaiting assessment Brody 2018 {published data only}
    1. Brody C, Tuot S, Chhoun P, Swendenman D, Kaplan KC, Yi S. Mobile Link–a theory-based messaging intervention for improving sexual and reproductive health of female entertainment workers in Cambodia: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):235.
Chernick 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chernick LS, Stockwell MS, Wu M, Castaño PM, Schnall R, Westhoff CL, et al. Texting to increase contraceptive initiation among adolescents in the emergency department. Journal of Adolescent Health 2017;61:786-90.
Erwin 2019 {published data only}
    1. Erwin E, Aronson KJ, Day A, Ginsburg O, Macheku G, Feksi A, et al. SMS behaviour change communication and eVoucher interventions to increase uptake of cervical cancer screening in the Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions of Tanzania: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial of effectiveness. BMJ Innovations 2019;5:28-34.
Firmino‐Machado 2019 {published data only}
    1. Firmino-Machado J, Varela S, Mendes R, Moreira A, Lunet N, Carmo A, et al. A 3-step intervention to improve adherence to cervical cancer screening: The SCAN randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2019;123:250-61.
Fitzpatrick 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fitzpatrick T, Zhou K, Cheng Y, Chan PL, Cui F, Tang W, et al. A crowdsourced intervention to promote hepatitis B and C testing among men who have sex with men in China: study protocol for a nationwide online randomized controlled trial. BMC infectious diseases 2018;18(1):489.
Green 2018 {published data only}
    1. Green EP, Augustine A, Naanyu V, Hess AK, Kiwinda L. Developing a digital marketplace for family planning: pilot randomized encouragement trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2018;20(7):e10756.
Huf 2017 {published data only}
    1. Huf S, King D, Kerrison R, Chadborn T, Richmond A, Cunningham D, et al. Behavioural text message reminders to improve participation in cervical screening: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017;390:S46.
Kelvin 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kelvin EA, George G, Kinyanjui S, Mwai E, Romo ML, Oruko F, et al. Announcing the availability of oral HIV self-test kits via text message to increase HIV testing among hard-to-reach truckers in Kenya: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):7.
    1. Kelvin EA, George G, Mwai E, Kinyanjui S, Romo ML, Odhiambo JO, et al. A randomized controlled trial to increase HIV testing demand among female sex Workers in Kenya through Announcing the availability of HIV self-testing via text message. AIDS and Behavior 2019;23(1):116-25.
Lippman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lippman SA, Shade SB, Sumitani J, DeKadt J, Gilvydis JM, Ratlhagana MJ, et al. Evaluation of short message service and peer navigation to improve engagement in HIV care in South Africa: study protocol for a three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016;17(1):68.
Mao 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mao L, Buchanan A, Wong HT, Persson A. Beyond mere pill taking: SMS reminders for HIV treatment adherence delivered to mobile phones of clients in a community support network in Australia. Health & Social Care in the Community 2018;26(4):486-94.
McCarthy 2018 {published data only}
    1. McCarthy O, Ahamed I, Kulaeva F, Tokhirov R, Saibov S, Vandewiele M et al. A randomized controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone app instant messaging to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young people in Tajikistan. Reproductive Health 2018;15(1):28.
    1. McCarthy O, Leurent B, Edwards P, Tokhirov R, Free C. A randomised controlled trial of an intervention delivered by app instant messaging to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young people in Tajikistan: study protocol. BMJ open 2017;7(9):e017606.
McCarthy 2019 {published data only}
    1. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Palestinian Family Planning and Protection Association, International Planned Parenthood Federation. An intervention delivered by text message to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young women in Palestine. 2016.
    1. McCarthy OL, Wazwaz O, Jado I, Leurent B, Edwards P, Adada S, et al. An intervention delivered by text message to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young women in Palestine: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):454.
    1. McCarthy OL, Zghayyer H, Stavridis A, Adada S, Ahamed I, Leurent B, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone text message to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young women in Palestine. Trials 2019;20(1):228.
Momany 2017 {published data only}
    1. Momany MC, Martinez-Gutierrez J, Soto M, Capurro D, Ciampi F, Thompson B, et al. Development of mobile technologies for the prevention of cervical cancer in Santiago, Chile study protocol: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Cancer 2017;17(1):847.
Moore 2018 {published data only}
    1. Moore DJ, Jain S, Dubé MP, Daar ES, Sun X, Young J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of daily text messages to support adherence to preexposure prophylaxis in individuals at risk for human immunodeficiency virus: the TAPIR study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2018;66(10):1566-72.
Moore 2018a {published data only}
    1. Moore DJ, Pasipanodya EC, Umlauf A, Rooney AS, Gouaux B, Depp CA, et al. Individualized texting for adherence building (iTAB) for methamphetamine users living with HIV: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2018;189:154-60.
Naserian 2018 {published data only}
    1. Naserian N, Ansari S, Abedi P. Comparison of training via short messages and group training on level of knowledge and practice of middle-aged women about breast cancer screening tests. Journal of Cancer Education 2018;33(5):1036-42.
NCT02756949 {published data only}
    1. Smart Linkage-to-HIV Care Via a Smartphone App. (first received 29 April 2016).
Reback 2019 {published data only}
    1. Reback CJ, Fletcher JB, Swendeman DA, Metzner M Theory-based text-messaging to reduce methamphetamine use and HIV sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men: Automated unidirectional delivery outperforms bidirectional peer interactive delivery 2019 Jan 15, 23(1):37-47. Theory-based text-messaging to reduce methamphetamine use and HIV sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men: Automated unidirectional delivery outperforms bidirectional peer interactive delivery. AIDS and Behavior 2019;23(1):37-47.
Reiss 2017 {published data only}
    1. Reiss K, Andersen K, Barnard S, Ngo TD, Biswas K, Smith C, et al. Using automated voice messages linked to telephone counselling to increase post-menstrual regulation contraceptive uptake and continuation in Bangladesh: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC public health 2017;17(1):769.
Sayegh 2018 {published data only}
    1. Sayegh CS, MacDonell KK, Clark LF, Dowshen NL, Naar S, Olson-Kennedy J, et al. The impact of cell phone support on psychosocial outcomes for youth living with HIV nonadherent to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS and Behavior 2018;22(10):3357-62.
Schick 2019 {published data only}
    1. Schick M, Roesner S, Germeyer A, Moessner M, Bauer S, Ditzen B, et al. Smartphone-supported Positive Adjustment Coping Intervention (PACI) for couples undergoing fertility treatment: a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open 2019;9(7):e025288.
van der Kop 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kop ML, Muhula S, Nagide PI, Thabane L, Gelmon L, Awiti PO, et al. Effect of an interactive text-messaging service on patient retention during the first year of HIV care in Kenya (WelTel Retain): an open-label, randomised parallel-group study. Lancet Public Health 2018;3(3):e143-52.
    1. Kop ML, Ojakaa DI, Patel A, Thabane L, Kinagwi K, Ekström AM, et al. The effect of weekly short message service communication on patient retention in care in the first year after HIV diagnosis: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (WelTel Retain). BMJ Open 2013;3(6):e003155.
Wettermann 2019 {published data only}
    1. Wettermann R, Marek H, Giordano TP, Arya M. Text messages can encourage patients to discuss and receive HIV testing in primary care. Journal of the American Board Family Medicine 2019;32(3):408-12.
Ybarra 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ybarra ML, Liu W, Prescott TL, Phillips G, Mustanski B. The effect of a text messaging based HIV prevention program on sexual minority male youths: a national evaluation of information, motivation and behavioral skills in a randomized controlled trial of Guy2Guy. AIDS and Behavior 2018;22(10):3335-44.
    1. Ybarra ML, Prescott T, Mustanski B, Parsons J, Bull SS. Feasibility, acceptability, and process indicators for Guy2Guy, an mHealth HIV prevention program for sexual minority adolescent boys. Journal of Adolescent Health 2019;65(3):417-22.
References to ongoing studies ACTRN12613000265774 {published data only}
    1. The SMART Study: can a smartphone application improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy? (first received 27 February 2013).
ACTRN12616000852459 {published data only}
    1. WHISPER or SHOUT study: Efficacy of a mobile phone text messaging intervention for improving the health of female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. (first received 23 May 2016).
Arrossi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Arrossi S, Paolino M, Orellana L, Thouyaret L, Kohler RE, Viswanath K. Mixed-methods approach to evaluate an mHealth intervention to increase adherence to triage of human papillomavirus-positive women who have performed self-collection (the ATICA study): study protocol for a hybrid type I cluster randomized effectiveness-implementation trial. Trials 2019;20(1):148.
Gonsalves 2018 {published data only}85156148
    1. Gonsalves L, Hindin MJ, Bayer A, Carcamo CP, Gichangi P, Habib N, et al. Protocol of an open, three-arm, individually randomized trial assessing the effect of delivering sexual and reproductive health information to young people (aged 13–24) in Kenya and Peru via mobile phones: adolescent/youth reproductive mobile access and delivery initiative for love and life outcomes (ARMADILLO) study stage 2. Reproductive health 2018;15(1):126.
ISRCTN64390461 {published data only}64390461
    1. A randomised controlled trial of a safer sex intervention delivered through mobile phone messaging [Safetxt: A randomised controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone messaging to reduce sexually transmitted infections (STI) by increasing sexual health precaution behaviours in young people]. (first received 17 March 2016).
Jongbloed 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jongbloed K, Friedman AJ, Pearce ME, Van Der Kop ML, Thomas V, Demerais L, et al. The Cedar Project WelTel mHealth intervention for HIV prevention in young Indigenous people who use illicit drugs: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016;17(1):128.
L'Engle 2015 {published data only}
    1. L'Engle KL, Green K, Succop SM, Laar A, Wambugu S. Scaled-Up mobile phone intervention for HIV care and treatment: Protocol for a facility randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2015;4(1):e11.
Linde 2017 {published data only}
    1. Linde DS, Andersen MS, Mwaiselage JD, Manongi R, Kjaer SK, Rasch V. Text messages to increase attendance to follow-up cervical cancer screening appointments among HPV-positive Tanzanian women (Connected2Care): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):555.
NCT02627365 {published data only}
    1. University of Washington, University of Nairobi, Kenya Medical Research Institute. Motivation matters study. (first received 10 December 2016).
NCT03082482 {published data only}
    1. Smartphone-delivered automated video-assisted smoking treatment for people living with HIV (AVAST-HIV). (first received 17 March 2017).
NCT03119337 {published data only}
    1. Text-based follow-up in Zimbabwe's voluntary medical male circumcision program (2WT). (first received 18 April 2017).
NCT03205982 {published data only}
    1. The Wise App trial for improving health outcomes in PLWH (WiseApp). (first received 2 July 2017).
NCT03253783 {published data only}
    1. The evaluation of pulse: a mobile health app and teen pregnancy prevention program. (first received 18 August 2017).
NCT03259698 {published data only}
    1. Optimizing the delivery of HIV nPEP. (first received 24 August 2017).
NCT03367130 {published data only}
    1. Improving clinic attendance for medication collection among HIV positive individuals in Nepal. (first received 8 December 2017).
NCT03394391 {published data only}
    1. The effectiveness of SMS in improving antiretroviral medication adherence among adolescents living with HIV in Nigeria (STARTA). (first received 9 January 2018).
NCT03738410 {published data only}
    1. An mHealth intervention to improve outcomes for women with HIV/AIDS. (first received 13 November 2018).
NCT03760211 {published data only}
    1. A mobile gaming app to improve ART adherence for youth. (first received 30 November 2018).
NCT03928717 {published data only}
    1. A text-based adherence game for young people living with HIV in Ghana (TAG). (first received 26 April 2019).
PACTR201611001858240 {published data only}
    1. Kadoma Cellphone Study [Does a weekly short message service reminder improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy? A randomized control trial among HIV clients seeking care at Rimuka Integrated HIV and TB Clinic Kadoma (Zimbabwe)]. (first received 10 November 2016).
PACTR201712002844286 {published data only}
    1. REMIND [Effect of reminder cues and tailored feedback on adherence to antiretroviral drug treatment among people living with HIV in the Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania]. (first received 7 December 2017).
PACTR201802003035922 {published data only}
    1. The HIV/TB Co-infection Mobile Phone SMS Trial [Retention in care and adherence to treatment in HIV/TB co-infection]. (first received 1 February 2018).
Reynolds 2016 {published data only}
    1. Reynolds NR, Satyanarayana V, Duggal M, Varghese M, Liberti L, Singh P, et al. MAHILA: a protocol for evaluating a nurse-delivered mHealth intervention for women with HIV and psychosocial risk factors in India. BMC health services research 2016;16(1):352.
Wagner 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wagner N, Ouedraogo D, Artavia-Mora L, Bedi A, Thiombiano BA. Protocol for a randomized controlled trial evaluating mobile text messaging to promote retention and adherence to antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV in Burkina Faso. JMIR Research Protocols 2016;5(3):e170.
Additional references Agarwal 2016
    1. Agarwal S, LeFevre AE, Lee J, L’Engle K, Mehl G, Sinha C, et al. Guidelines for reporting of health interventions using mobile phones: mobile health (mHealth) evidence reporting and assessment (mERA) checklist. British Medical Journal 2016;352:i1174. [DOI: ]
Agarwal 2018
    1. Agarwal S, Vasudevan L, Tamrat T, Glenton C, Lewin S, Bergman H, et al. Digital tracking, provider decision support systems, and targeted client communication via mobile devices to improve primary health care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 1. Art. No: CD012925. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012925]
Amankwaa 2018
    1. Amankwaa I, Boateng D, Quansah DY, Akuoko CP, Evans C. Effectiveness of short message services and voice call interventions for antiretroviral therapy adherence and other outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One 2018;13(9):e0204091. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204091]
Ames 2019
    1. Ames HM, Glenton C, Lewin S, Tamrat T, Akama E, Leon N. Clients’ perceptions and experiences of targeted digital communication accessible via mobile devices for reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 10. Art. No: CD013447. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013447]
Aral 2006
    1. Aral SO, Over M, Manhart L, Holmes KK. Sexually transmitted infections. In: Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Badawy 2017
    1. Badawy SM, Kuhns LM. Texting and mobile phone app interventions for improving adherence to preventive behavior in adolescents: a systematic review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2017;5(4):e50. [DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.6837]
Bailey 2010
    1. Bailey JV, Murray E, Rait G, Mercer CH, Morris RW, Peacock R, et al. Interactive computer‐based interventions for sexual health promotion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 9. Art. No: CD006483. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006483.pub2]
Black 2016
    1. Black RE, Levin C, Walker N, Chou D, Liu L, Temmerman M, et al. Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health: key messages from Disease Control Priorities 3rd Edition. Lancet 2016;388(10061):2811-24.
de Jongh 2012
    1. Jongh T, Gurol-Urganci I, Vodopivec-Jamsek V, Car J, Atun R. Mobile phone messaging for facilitating self-management of long-term illnesses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No: CD007459. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007459.pub2]
Eleuteri 2018
    1. Eleuteri S, Rossi R, Tripodi F, Fabrizi A, Simonelli C. Sexual health in your hands: How the smartphone apps can improve your sexual wellbeing? Sexologies: European Journal of Sexology and Sexual Health 2018;27:e57-e60. [DOI: ]
Free 2013
    1. Free C, Phillips G, Galli L, Watson L, Felix L, Edwards P, et al. The effectiveness of mobile-health technology-based health behaviour change or disease management interventions for health care consumers: a systematic review. PLOS Medicine 2013;10(1):e1001362.
Free 2013a
    1. Free C, Phillips G, Watson L, Galli L, Felix L, Edwards P, et al. The effectiveness of mobile-health technologies to improve health care service delivery processes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine 2013;10(1):e1001363.
French 2016
    1. French RS, McCarthy O, Baraitser P, Wellings K, Bailey JV, Free C. Young people's views and experiences of a mobile phone texting intervention to promote safer sex behavior. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2016;4(2):e26. [DOI: ]
Galvin 2004
    1. Galvin SR, Cohen MS. The role of sexually transmitted diseases in HIV transmission. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2004;2(1):33-42.
Gonçalves‐Bradley 2018
    1. Gonçalves‐Bradley DC, Buckley BS, Fønhus MS, Glenton C, Henschke N, Lewin S, et al. Mobile-based technologies to support client to healthcare provider communication and management of care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 1. Art. No: CD012928. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012928]
Guerriero 2013
    1. Guerriero C, Cairns J, Roberts I, Rodgers A, Whittaker R, Free C. The cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation support delivered by mobile phone text messaging: Txt2stop. European Journal of Health Economics 2013;14(5):789-797. [DOI: ]
Gurol‐Urganci 2013
    1. Gurol-Urganci I, Jongh T, Vodopivec-Jamsek V, Atun R, Car J. Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 12. Art. No: CD007458. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007458.pub3]
Hawkins 2008
    1. Hawkins RP, Kreuter M, Resnicow K, Fishbein M, Dijkstra A. Understanding tailoring in communicating about health. Health Education Research 2008;23(3):454-66.
Higgins 2011
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