Changing perioperative prophylaxis during antibiotic therapy and iterative debridement for orthopedic infections?

Lydia Wuarin, Mohamed Abbas, Stephan Harbarth, Felix Waibel, Dominique Holy, Jan Burkhard, Ilker Uçkay, Lydia Wuarin, Mohamed Abbas, Stephan Harbarth, Felix Waibel, Dominique Holy, Jan Burkhard, Ilker Uçkay

Abstract

Background: Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in non-infected orthopedic surgery is evident, in contrast to prophylaxis during surgery for infection. Epidemiological data are lacking for this particular situation.

Methods and findings: It is a single-center cohort on iterative surgical site infections (SSIs) in infected orthopedic patients. We included 2480 first episodes of orthopedic infections (median age 56 years and 833 immune-suppressed): implant-related infections (n = 648), osteoarticular infections (1153), and 1327 soft tissue infections. The median number of debridement was 1 (range, 1-15 interventions). Overall, 1617 infections (65%) were debrided once compared to 862 cases that were operated multiple times (35%). Upon iterative intraoperative tissue sampling, we detected pathogens in 507 cases (507/862; 59%), of which 241 (242/507; 48%) corresponded to the initial species at the first debridement. We witnessed 265 new SSIs (11% of the cohort) that were resistant to current antibiotic therapy in 174 cases (7% of the cohort). In multivariate analysis, iterative surgical debridements that were performed under current antibiotic administration were associated with new SSIs (odds ratio 1.6, 95%CI 1.2-2.2); mostly occurring after the 2nd debridement. However, we failed to define an ideal hypothetic prophylaxis during antibiotic therapy to prevent further SSIs.

Conclusions: Selection of new pathogens resistant to ongoing antibiotic therapy occurs frequently during iterative debridement in orthopedic infections, especially after the 2nd debridement. The new pathogens are however unpredictable. The prevention, if feasible, probably relies on surgical performance and wise indications for re-debridement instead of new maximal prophylactic antibiotic coverage in addition to current therapeutic regimens.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Changes of intraoperative pathogens (selected…
Fig 1. Changes of intraoperative pathogens (selected examples) from the first debridement to the third debridement for the same orthopedic infection.
MSSA = Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA = Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. P. aeruginosa = Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Fig 2. Total number of new pathogens…
Fig 2. Total number of new pathogens (vertical axis) stratified upon the Gram coloration and the number of debridement (horizontal axis).
Fig 3. Proportions of known versus newly…
Fig 3. Proportions of known versus newly identified pathogens (vertical axis) stratified upon the number of debridement (horizontal axis).

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