Intracoronary pressure gradient measurement in acute myocardial infarction patients with the no-reflow phenomenon during primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Ming-Dong Gao, En-Yuan Zhang, Yuan-Ying Liu, Xiao-Wei Li, Jian-Yong Xiao, Gen-Yi Sun, Yin Liu, Ming-Dong Gao, En-Yuan Zhang, Yuan-Ying Liu, Xiao-Wei Li, Jian-Yong Xiao, Gen-Yi Sun, Yin Liu

Abstract

Background: Various experimental and clinical studies have reported on coronary microcirculatory dysfunction ("no-reflow" phenomenon). Nevertheless, pathogenesis and effective treatment are yet to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to measure the intracoronary pressure gradient in the no-reflow artery during emergent percutaneous coronary intervention and explore the potential mechanism of no-reflow.

Methods: From September 1st, 2018 to June 30th, 2019, intracoronary pressure in acute myocardial infarction patient was continuously measured by aspiration catheter from distal to proximal segment in the Department of Coronary Care Unit, Tianjin Chest Hospital, respectively in no-reflow arteries (no-reflow group) and arteries with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction-3 flow (control group). At least 12 cardiac cycles were consecutively recorded when the catheter was pulled back. The forward systolic pressure gradient was calculated as proximal systolic pressure minus distal systolic pressure. Comparison between groups was made using the Student t test, Mann-Whitney U-test or Chi-square test, as appropriate.

Results: Intracoronary pressure in 33 no-reflow group and 26 in control group were measured. The intracoronary forward systolic pressure gradient was -1.3 (-4.8, 0.7) and 3.8 (0.8, 8.8) mmHg in no-reflow group and control group (Z = -3.989, P < 0.001), respectively, while the forward diastolic pressure gradient was -1.0 (-3.2, 0) and 4.6 (0, 16.5) mmHg in respective groups (Z = -3.851, P < 0.001). Moreover, the intracoronary forward pressure gradient showed significant difference between that before and after nicorandil medication (Z = -3.668, P < 0.001 in systolic pressure gradient and Z = -3.530, P < 0.001 in diastolic pressure gradient).

Conclusions: No reflow during emergent coronary revascularization is significantly associated with local hemodynamic abnormalities in the coronary arteries. Intracoronary nicorandil administration at the distal segment of a coronary artery with an aspiration catheter could improve the microcirculatory dysfunction and resume normal coronary pressure gradient.

Clinical trial registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov (No. NCT03600259).

Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Intracoronary pressure chart monitoring continuously by thrombus aspiration catheter when pulled back from distal to proximal segment in RCA with TIMI flow 3 after stent implantation. In this case, distal segment (waves on the left) showed relatively lower systolic and diastolic pressure, while proximal segment (waves on the right) showed relatively higher systolic and diastolic pressure. It is clear that the forward flow in the coronary artery flow along a positive pressure gradient. The vertical axis represents the real-time intracoronary pressure while the abscissa axis represents the cardiac cycle during pulling back catheter. RCA: Right coronary artery; TIMI: Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Intracoronary pressure chart monitoring continuously by thrombus aspiration catheter when pulled back from distal to proximal segment in LAD after no reflow. In this case, distal segment (waves on the left) showed relatively higher systolic and diastolic pressure, while proximal segment (waves on the right) showed relatively lower systolic and diastolic pressure. Both systolic and diastolic pressure showed a gradual downward trend from distal to proximal segments. The vertical axis represents the real-time intracoronary pressure while the abscissa axis represents the cardiac cycle during pulling back catheter. LAD: Left anterior descending artery.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The systolic trend curve of 12 continuous cardiac cycles from distal to proximal in no-reflow group (n = 33) and control group (n = 26) (A); the diastolic trend curve of 12 cardiac cycles from distal to proximal in no-reflow group (n = 33) and control group (n = 26) (B).

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